Role Of The Vestal Virgin As A Priestess Of Isis - 1812 Words

Kat Hydrick Unit Five Essay: The Romans October 20, 2014 The purpose for my essay is to further explore to role of the Vestal Virgin as and a priestess of Isis within the fabric of the Roman Empire society. (3) The time period I will further explore to better cover this topic shall be from the very beginning of their use in early Rome, to the time of 394 B.C.E (1) in which Christianity became to the chosen religion of Rome. I hope I can cover not only their role, but their culture, as well as their impact within ancient Rome. A Vestal Virgin was a priestess of Vesta, the goddess of the hearth which was in fact the center of every Roman atrium and home. (1) It was in the house that Vesta was most important because she was the goddess of the hearth and of fire. (2) Vesta is particularly important to women of the household as the hearth was the place where food was prepared and next to it the meal was eaten with offerings being thrown into the fire to seek the future from the way it burned. The sanctity of the College of the Vestals was regarded as fundamental to the continuance and security of Rome. The Vestal Virgins cultivated the sacred fire that was not allowed to go out. (1) The Vestals were freed of the usual social obligations to marry and bear children, and took a vow of chastity in order to devote themselves to the study and correct observance of state rituals that were off-limits to the male colleges of priests. (2) In order to be one of the sixShow MoreRelatedRole Of The Vestal Virgin As A Priestess Of Isis1451 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose for my essay is to explore the role of the Vestal Virgin as and a priestess of Isis within the fabric of the Roman Empire society. (3) The time period I will examine to better cover this topic shall be from the establishment of these cults in early Rome, to the time of 394 B.C.E (1) in which Christianity became to the chosen religion of Rome. Within this paper I plan on covering their role, their culture, and their impact upon ancient Rome. To the ancient Romans, Vesta was the goddessRead MoreWomen And Roman Religion And Its Impact On Society Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesThe female role in Greek and Roman religion and its impact on society Throughout the ancient world, the aspects to which a successful society thrive under have been skewed, except for that of religion. Although a universal religion has never been adopted, most empires tend to follow a basic outline similar to one another. In relation to Greeks and Romans, this ideology still holds true. Religion between these two societies have had their differences, but for the most part they have kept the sameRead MoreEssay on Forgotten Half of History: Women in Ancient Civilization1569 Words   |  7 Pagestoday. Women are often seen as inferior to men and their vital role in the unfolding of ancient civilizations. There have been many vital roles that women have played throughout history. Women in all Ancient civilizations faced many of the same hardships, prejudices, and struggles. Two specific ancient civilizations, which had similar aspects, were Ancient Egypt and Ancient Rome. In these two ancient civilization, women played important roles, which contributed t o the shaping of society. In Ancient Rome

The Mysterious Four Year University Essay - 1944 Words

The mysterious four-year university â€Å"What should I do after high-school?† a question asked by seniors all over the world each year. â€Å"should I work? Should I go to school? What school should I go to?† The unanswered questions that follow high school are numerous for many people. I graduated from high school just six months ago and underwent this big choice of what direction to take my life. I saw people all around me stressing for months, making check lists, pro/con lists, the whole nine yards trying to figure what they were going to do with their lives after they graduated. Growing up I always thought that after high school you go to a big four-year university and get a degree. That’s what all the movies showed me, that’s what my elementary teachers told me, and that’s how I thought life was supposed to go. It wasn’t until my senior and junior year of high school until I realized there were many more options then just a four-year university. One could go into the military, go straight into the working force, go to a technical school, go to a community college, do online school, travel, do mission trips, continue an athletic career, start a business; the paths one could choose are unlimited. This made me wonder about four-year universities though, what was the hype? Why did I hear about them so much? What drove people to attend them? What made people choose four-year universities over other educational options? Could finding answers to questions like these help the nextShow MoreRelatedBiography Of Sainte Marie As A Educator, A Talented Artist, And A Political Activist861 Words   |  4 PagesIndian history and by the age of four Sainte-Marie had single-handedly taught herself to play the piano. So even as a child, she was incredibly musically inclined. After receiving a guitar for her sixteenth birthday she began to write music for this new instrument. Like most young adults entering university and expanding and adapting, her music began to develop as she attended her university. Sainte-Marie studied Oriental philosophy during her time in university. After graduating with a Ba, sheRead MoreEssay about Akhenaten: Heretic Man or Visionary Pharaoh? 1235 Words   |  5 PagesNew Kingdom Egypt – that Amun-Re is the god of gods. Instead he put in place the Aten which is the ‘sun disc’ above Ra’s head and forced this religion upon his people. A fact which is acknowledged by an American university professor of history, Damen (2013) who states that by the third year of Akhenaten’s reign a major shift in Egyptian religion began. Firstly, Akhenaten changed his name from Amunhotep IV to honour his own god Aten by ridding his name of the god Amun-Re. Akhenaten also removed theRead MoreThe Disappearance Of The Lost Colony1598 Words   |  7 Pageschildren, sailed from Plymouth, England, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I to start a new life on the Outer Banks. This colony of over one hundred people disappeared from the Roanoke Island region, never to be seen again (Kramer 2). For over 400 years, historians and archeologists have attempted to determine what happened. Although there are several popular theories regarding the disappearance of the Lost Colony, the theory with the most evidence for being accurate is the migration theory. TheRead MoreAnalysis of Keats Captivating and Dismal Ballad La Belle Dame Sans Merci1326 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Keats is a spell binding poet, who lived a short life of 25 years, but left behind a towering legacy in the Romantic period. His work â€Å"La Belle Dame Sans Merci† is an imaginative masterpiece written in 1819, which was near his death in 1821. During the time he wrote the ballad, his brother died of tuberculosis; an ailment that swept over many members of his family, including him. He also became devoted to young woman, Fanny Brawne, but struggled with his continuous meager ownerships. The timeRead MoreAnemi A Rare Genetic Disorder856 Words   |  4 PagesGenetics at the University of Utah. People with this disease tend to experience global developmental delays, seizures, difficulty with movement, problems with liver function, and the difficulty to produce tears. The symptoms of this disease can vary since not all the information has been gathered about NG LY1 deficiency. The first thing geneticists look for when searching for the cause of mysterious mutation is knowing the DNA mutations sequence. The first case to appear was in a four-year-old boy namedRead MoreBiography of Edgar Allan Poe951 Words   |  4 Pagespoet who grew up with theater in his blood and who became known for his style of literature. First I will inform you of his birth along with his parents, then I will tell you about his childhood and education, after that I will follow up on his mysterious death. Edgar Allen Poe was born on January 19, 1809 in a cheap rooming house near the Boston Common. Meltzer, the author of one of Poe’s Biography, states that â€Å"Eliza [his mother] married a young Baltimore law student, David Poe Jr.† Both ofRead MoreWorld of Winds: A Fictional Narrative Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesThey are mysterious and the universe works in ways we never imagine†¦ I suggest we keep her here a little bit longer, just a week, to see how things work out.† Iroh sipped on a cup tea. Zuko, she is telling the truth. How can you believe that?! She is psychotic if she believes she from another world!† Iroh shrugged Maybe, but that is her business. There is a reason for everything, but also don’t forget the spirits. Iroh poured himself another cup of tea. They are mysterious and the universeRead MoreI Have a Theory1423 Words   |  6 Pagespeople to see parts of the universe never before imagined, in new ways never before conceived, have advanced mans theoretical capabilities on explaining the origin of the universe, a task that has been a part of intelligent mans life for thousands of years† (para 1, n.d.). As our technology advances, we are able to answer questions. Going back a few centuries to a time of revelation to Nicholas Copernicus, he had a revolutionary idea that paved the way of thinking that the sun was the center of our universeRead MoreEdgar Allan Poes Sorrows1033 Words   |  5 PagesPoe’s sorrows. Edgar Allan Poe is considered one of the greatest of his time. He lived with his parents No sooner than his father had left his mother passed. She died from tuberculosis at the mere age of twenty four. Poe and his siblings were by her side until her last breath. He later became the dependent of John Allan of Richmond, Virginia hence Allan being Poe’s middle name. The Allans were quite fond of young Poe as they had no children. Frances Allan was very motherly and nurturing towardsRead MoreStatement of Purpose921 Words   |  4 PagesOver the years, my interest in the fashion industry has evolved along with my understanding and through my studies, personal experience and personal research. I have decided that a career in International Fashion Marketing is a perfect fit for me. The highly rated International Fashion Marketing course at Caledonian University will give me the necessary tools to turn my career ambitions into reality. I am especially excited that this course was de signed with the industry consultation and combines

Medical School Diversity Essay Example For Students

Medical School Diversity Essay Introduction Companies in the 21st century are facing fierce competition, economic and global challengers. In the midst of challengers organisations should have distinctive competences to resist it. Survival depends on the maintenance of market share by having good image, cost leadership, sound technical or service superioty, committed employees and speed of market. Organisations success depends on how well the use of resource are utilised in achieving the core competences. Human assets are becoming the most important resource because of the rapid growth in the service sector. Human resources hold valuable knowledge and information, which sets them a part as the source in creating intellectual capital that sets a firm a part from its competitors (Kamoche, 2001) The most important resource for successful organisation is its human resources therefore firms cannot treat human assets as commodities. To create value, management should try to find ways to utilise employees efficiently. The importance of human resource management to align with the business strategy is fundamental to the firms achievement of competitive advantage. As Bratton and Gold (1999: 08) describes human assets have the characteristic of creating value to the firm, be unique, difficult to imitate and substituted. In the past decade diversity has been the forerunner in the argument of human resource management. Workplace diversity is about acknowledging differences adopting to work practices to create an inclusive environment in which our diverse skills, perspectives and backgrounds are valued (Nicholas, 2000:14). This article will examine the benefits and the issues the firms would have in capturing diversity. The article will also concentrate on the central issue of the importance of integrating the human resource strategy with business strategy. Finally the article would conclude the problems faced by the HR managers in implementing practices and policies. Diversity has been a competitive tool for most organisation because of the development of technology that results in the relocation of resources and people, increasing globalisation, aging of workforce, continued ethnic diversification (Hudson, 2002). Diversity is commonly referred in relation to ethnicity gender and culture but its scope is widened as far as age, disability, language, religouis beliefs, life stages and education. Diversity is beneficial to companies as job satisfaction reducers cost on turnover and absenteeism (Hudson, 2002). With the increase in job satisfaction higher levels of production also can be achieved. This is similar to the Soft Approach of human resource management. The soft approach takes the view the benefits will accrue in the long run. Organisations persistence for good work practise will earn the reputation tag as a good place of work. All these are consequences in the long term reiterated by the theorist of the soft approach. Beer et al (1984) and Guest (1987) stated by applying human resource policies firms could achieve committed, competent employees, which would be cost effective in turn increasing the companies bottom line. Shiel (2001) based a review on South African Beers (SAB) reputation for implementing equity-employment plan aimed at significantly increasing the number of African, Asian and black people throughout the salaried staff, so that these ranks would be more demographically representative of the markets served. These were in place 27 years before equal opportunity legislation was introduced in South Africa. This earned a good reputation for the firm, which was a benchmark for other firms. Another benefit stated by Robbinson and Dechant (1997) from diversity is the ability to create value through creative, innovative ideas to solve problems. A diversified workforce will enhance the creativity as individuals are from different backgrounds. This in turn would create innovate ideas. Ideas to be creative and innovative workforces and teams have to b e managed productively. This type of team building and creating groups tend to be theorised under the Hard Approach of human resource management. Hard HRM emphasises treating employees as a means to achieving the organisation strategy, as a resource that is used in calculative and purely rational way. Hard HRM assumes that increasing productivity will continue to be managements principal reason for improving HRM. Creativity and problem solving can create conflict in organisations. Companies have to be careful to foster conflict in a positive direction. Organisations work in complex cultures locally and across boundries. Australian society for example has changed in the past 20 years. According to the Australian bureau of statistics out of the 18.7(m) population 43% are either born overseas or parents are migrants. Further out of the total work force 23% are migrants. As the statistics reveal the society the organisation operates have become complex therefore appreciating the impact of these changes are crucial. Recent government statistics estimated in United States revealed that minority groups have a collective spending power of well over $1 trillion USD (Kamoche, 2001). Women and minorities are starting new business and growing existing ones at a much faster pace than their more established counterparts. A talent pool comprising diverse backgrounds and experience will help provide stronger communications, new ideas and innovative solutions for this emerging marketplace, resulting in a distinct business advantage for companies (Robbinson and Dechant, 1997). The Scottish financial institution Halifax CEO quoted as saying people do business with like people, so it is important that our workforce represents the communities in which they operate(Hudson, 2002). The inclusion of ethnic workforce to represent the markets is a strategic imperative, which is similar to the hard approach of HRM. But there are academics that might argue to the contrary to this statin g it is the organisations genuine interest characterising the Soft approach of HRM. Diversity is commonly referred in relation to ethinicity, gender and culture but it is focused in other areas. As for example age diversity benefits have been the hallmark of the UK giant consumer production producer Tesco. As stated by Hudson (2002) Tesco provides training to all age groups whether its a school leaver or a post-retired employee. Tescos ability to provides training builds a career regardless of age. A good example of a gender based diversity programme is the Australian financial institution Westpac that initiates workplace initiatives and sponsoring for women (Nicholas and Semmartino, 2000). The two schools of thought reiterate the achievement of overall objectives of the organisation through HR practices and policies. Bratton and Gold (1999: 08) argue that hard approach is needed because of competition. This model is closer to reality as it takes into consideration the business perf ormance and the preference of the superior stakeholder i.e. shareholders. The limitation of the soft model is the above reference but some companies have resulted in this approach accruing long-term effects as the SAB beer company. It is difficult to find any one approach applied by one company. Schuler and Jackson (2000:10) emphasised that companies have a mix of hard and soft approaches. Now let us consider how policies and practices are implemented to achieve the strategic objectives of the firm. Both the models look at policy formulation in the same vain taking into consideration of the organisation objectives. Harvard model emphasises the need for its policy to have employee influence, managinging into, through and out of the organisation, reward system, work system integrated without having dis joint and adhoc systems (Beer et al, 1984). Most of the companies use diversity programmes to disguise themselves as socially responsible personal or as to avoid litigation from the law . This kind of policy making would disrupt the potential benefits of diversity. Harvard model emphasises the need for all stakeholders interest taken into consideration in formulating strtegies. The reality is somewhat different, as dominant stakeholders would have an upper hand on companys direction. Most organisations debate on socially responsible matters and shareholder wealth creation. These two are correlated to the share price, organisations willingness to exert excess funds and time on socially responsible activities would be seen by the shareholders as negative effect on there investment. There is research that shows that more diverse the team, the more conflict there would be. But the eventual outcome was determined not by the teams diversity, it was how everyone handled the conflict. As stated by Liberman and Harrington (2002) if it was a group that saw conflict as part of the creative process to get best results, then the diversity paid off. Better managers are best at f inding the good conflict in diversity and turn it around. As Guest (1995:25) states in his theory, if the organisation is constantly changing, change can be managed to the benefit of the firm by implement policies and practicers. HRM to act as change agent, a coherent strategy linked to hrm should be implemented. Where Dunphy and Stace (1990:56) concluded in a finding that HRM becomes important when management attempts to change strategy to re- establish fit. In a diversified environment if the management did not utilise the benefits of the learning organisation by creating appropriate practices and policies the advantages would not be accrued. The problem with the practices and policies of diversity is the difficulty in linking the benefits to it. In a survey done by professor Thomas Koochan cited in the article by Liberman and Harrighton (2002) was that he could not find the link between diversity and performance. For example increased diversity training did not have any impact on the business performance. Koochans Research was criticised because of the small no of companies investigated. There is the other problem of having policies implemented by the management at the strategic level. In a study done by Guest in (1990) he found out that only a few companies implement a human resource strategy aligned to the business strategy. As can be seen from the problems inherent in the implementation of the policies and practices organisations are still reluctant to approach HRM in a strategic sense. Conclusion The following article has provided with the developments in Human resource management. HRM has been in the drawback for many years under personal management. Diversity benefits are accruing as the latest HRM fad to hit the management wavelengths. Diversity benefits the organisation through cost savings on employee turnover, building of innovative ideas and acquiring an understanding of new business opportunities. Approaches adopted by different companies can be categorised into hard and soft elements of hrm. Hard hrm focuses on achieving the strategic goals by manipulating the employees in a rational way. Soft Hrm focuses on outcomes for people and achieving the objectives in the long term. In practice companies have a mix of both approaches. The criticism of these models is the failure to prove the link between implementation and performance. Despite the recent research and scrutiny, many employers say they maintain diversity programs because they help their company be better. At Dell, officials say diversity programs help access top talent, improve customer experiences and drive globalisation efforts (Hudson, 2002). We believe its essential. You have to have a clearly defined business imperative to do this, says Thurmond Woodard, Dells vice president of global diversity (Hudson, 2002). Anything you do in business that doesnt give you a competitive advantage wont be sustainable. In conclusion for companies to achieve business strategies successfully Hrm strategies has to be linked. References Australian Bureau of Statistics (2001) website (Acessed 18 August 2003). Bratton, J Gold, J (1999), Human resource management phenomenon Human resource management: theory and practice. 2nd ed. Houndmills Hampshire: Macmillan. Beer, M. Spector, B.Lawrence P.R.Mills, Q.D. and Walton,R.E. (1984), Managing Human Assets: the ground breaking Harvard business school programme, The Free Press, New York. Dunphy, D.and Stace, D. (1990), from business strategy to human performance, in under new management: Australian organisations in transition, McGraw Hill, Sydney. Guest, D. (1995), Human Resource Management, Trade Unions and Industrial Relations, Human Resource Management: a critical text, Rooutledge, London. Guest, D. (1987), Human Resource Management and Industrial relations, Journal of Management Studies, vol .18, pp.24. Hudson, R. (2002), Workplace Diversity a Competitive Advantage, Human Resource Management International Digest, vol.10, pp.9-12. Kamoche, K.N. (2001), Understanding Human Resource Management, Open University Press Buckinghamshire, pp.22-3 Liberman, V.Harrington, L. (2002), Across the Board, vol.39, issue 3, pg 71. Murphy, D. (2003), Diversity Efforts Dont Help Firms Bottom Lines, Journal of Labour Research, vol 32, pg 37 Nicholas, S. and Semmartino, A. (2000), Corporate Awareness of Diversity in Australia Workplace, Australian centre for international business, Melbourne. Robbinson, Dechant, K. (1997), Business Case for Diversity, pg 21-31. Sheil, C. (2001), South African Breweries Group, Thunderbird International Business Review, vol 43, issn 10964762,pg 569-80. Jackson, S. Schuler, R. (2000), Understanding human resource management in the context of organisations and their environment, Malden Mass. Blackwell. Attorney Essay

Walls of Jericho Essay Example

Walls of Jericho Paper The walls of Jericho For Christians, the Bible is the infallible word of God. For others, the Bible is a document written by men with many basic truths. For some, it is just a book of fairy tales to explain away unsolved mysteries. This paper will briefly describe the Bibles account of the battle of Jericho. It will then discuss four major pieces of archeological evidence found at the site of Jericho that accurately corroborates the Bible’s account of the Israelite siege that destroyed the city. Many archeological discoveries have brought increased recognition to the events described in the Bible. The evidence found at the site of Jericho supports the Bible as a credible source of History. In the Bible’s account of the fall of Jericho, Joshua, who had been chosen to succeed Moses, sent two spies into Jericho. These spies were helped by a prostitute named Rahab whose house was built against one of the outer walls. Before the spies left Jericho they promised Rahab that her family would be spared when the city was destroyed. When the spies returned to camp they informed Joshua of the fear the people inside the city walls were expressing and explained of the promise they made to Rahab for her aid. We will write a custom essay sample on Walls of Jericho specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Walls of Jericho specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Walls of Jericho specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Israelites are then commanded to march around Jericho once each day for six days and seven times on the seventh day. On the last day after the seventh march they were to shout at the walls and then the walls would just fall. God instructed them not to take anything from the city other than precious metals to be kept in the treasury for the lord. The Israelites obeyed their commandments and conquered Jericho Joshua 6:1-27 (New Living Translation). According to the Bible â€Å"The harvest had just been taken† Joshua 3:15 (New living translation). The site at Jericho has had three major excavations. Carl Watzinger and Ernest Sellin led the first excavation from 1907 to 1911. The second excavation was led by John Garstang from 1930 to1936 and the third by Kathleen Kenyan from 1952 to 1958. The site also had a small one month-long excavation led by two Italian archeologists Lorenzo Negro and Nicol Marchetti in 1997. The first piece of evidence that must be discussed is the collapse of the outer walls. In 1907 the first excavation found fallen red brick at the base of the city. In 1950 Kathleen Kenyon determined these bricks were from the walls that collapsed when the city was destroyed (Wood Byer, 2002). Second, according to Joshua (6:24) the Israelites, burned the city with fire, and all that was in it. Excavations revealed a layer of burned ash and debris about three-feet thick. â€Å"The destruction was complete. † According to Kathleen Kenyon â€Å"Walls and floors were blackened or reddened by fire, and every room was filled with fallen bricks, timbers, and household utensils; in most rooms the fallen debris was heavily burnt† (Wood Byer, 2002). The third piece of evidence found that corroborates the Bible is the full jars of grain found in the lower storage rooms in the homes of the city. Grain was valuable not only as a source of food but was also used as a commodity for sale or trade. The presence of these grains still in the destroyed city is entirely consistent with the biblical account, Dr. Wood wrote . The city did not fall as a result of a starvation siege, as was so common in ancient times. Instead, the Bible tells us Jericho was destroyed after but seven days (Wilford, 2010). The Israelites were ordered not to take anything except precious metals, which would explain why the grain wasn’t taken. The last piece of evidence is the promise made to Rahab that her family would be spared. Rahab’s home was built against the outer wall. On the north side a short stretch of the lower city wall did not fall as everywhere else. A portion of that mud brick wall was still standing. What is more, there were houses built against the wall. In conclusion, the evidence found at the site of Jericho is consistent with the Bibles account of the city’s destruction. . The walls fell outwards as the Bible describes. The city was burned as the Bible describes and the homes built against the only section of wall that did not fall suggest that Rahabs promise was kept. The archeological evidence found at the site of Jericho gives further proof of the historic accuracy of the Bible. References Wilford, J. N. (1990, February22,). Believers score in Battle over the Battle of Jericho. The New York Times. Retrieved from www. nytimes. com/1990/02/22/world/believers-score-in-battle-over-the-battle-of-jericho Wood, B. , Byer, G. (2002). Is the Bible accurate concerning the destruction of walls of Jericho []. Retrieved from

Free Essays on Swatch

Swatch Watch U.S.A.: Creative Market Strategy TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 3 BACKGROUND 4 SWATCH ® ANALYSIS 5 Marketing Strategies 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7 REFERENCES 9 ABSTRACT Switzerland was an industry leader in the watch market up until the 1970’s when the digital watch was introduces to consumers. The digital watch was inexpensive to manufacture and could be produced in mass. It created a whole new market by making watches inexpensive enough for all classes of people. The Swiss did not respond to this new competition and began to lose their market share. The Swiss watchmakers still produced high end watches for the wealthy, but did not compete for the lower end market. In the 1980’s the Swiss watchmakers began to realize they needed to change their business model to fit in to the new global market place. They needed to not only change their views of the market but the infrastructure of watch manufacturing. In order to compete on a global level they needed to improve their technology, design products that would appeal to new markets and be able to compete with other companies both in quality and cost. The development of Swatch ® allowed one company, the Swiss Corporation for Microelectronics and Watchmaking Industries (SMN), to do just that. SMN developed a product that was appealing to a younger target market. Their new design, distribution and production strategies created a niche market that became popular worldwide. The company developed an advertising campaign that was new to the watch industry and was strongly directed at a younger audience. BACKGROUND For years the Swiss watch industry had a competitive advantage on the watch market, in fact they had little or no competition and often had waiting lists for their watches. In fact, in the 1950’s the Swiss held an estimated eighty percent of the free-market share (Keegan, p 219). Their product was of h... Free Essays on Swatch Free Essays on Swatch Swatch Watch U.S.A.: Creative Market Strategy TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 3 BACKGROUND 4 SWATCH ® ANALYSIS 5 Marketing Strategies 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7 REFERENCES 9 ABSTRACT Switzerland was an industry leader in the watch market up until the 1970’s when the digital watch was introduces to consumers. The digital watch was inexpensive to manufacture and could be produced in mass. It created a whole new market by making watches inexpensive enough for all classes of people. The Swiss did not respond to this new competition and began to lose their market share. The Swiss watchmakers still produced high end watches for the wealthy, but did not compete for the lower end market. In the 1980’s the Swiss watchmakers began to realize they needed to change their business model to fit in to the new global market place. They needed to not only change their views of the market but the infrastructure of watch manufacturing. In order to compete on a global level they needed to improve their technology, design products that would appeal to new markets and be able to compete with other companies both in quality and cost. The development of Swatch ® allowed one company, the Swiss Corporation for Microelectronics and Watchmaking Industries (SMN), to do just that. SMN developed a product that was appealing to a younger target market. Their new design, distribution and production strategies created a niche market that became popular worldwide. The company developed an advertising campaign that was new to the watch industry and was strongly directed at a younger audience. BACKGROUND For years the Swiss watch industry had a competitive advantage on the watch market, in fact they had little or no competition and often had waiting lists for their watches. In fact, in the 1950’s the Swiss held an estimated eighty percent of the free-market share (Keegan, p 219). Their product was of h...

List of Planned Parenthoods Services

List of Planned Parenthoods Services Planned Parenthood was founded in 1916 by Margaret Sanger, to provide women with more and better control over their own bodies and reproductive functions. According to the Planned Parenthood website: In 1916, Planned Parenthood was founded on the idea that women should have the information and care they need to live strong, healthy lives and fulfill their dreams. Today, Planned Parenthood affiliates operate more than 600 health centers across the United States, and Planned Parenthood is the nation’s leading provider and advocate of high-quality, affordable health care for women, men, and young people. Planned Parenthood is also the nation’s largest provider of sex education. ​ Underwood Archives / Getty Images Of course, the specific services and offerings provided by Planned Parenthood have changed a great deal over the years. Nevertheless, its basic purpose has remained the same. Today, the organization runs  56 independent local affiliates that operate more than 600 health centers throughout the U.S. Services are typically paid for by Medicaid or health insurance; some clients pay directly. How Much of Planned Parenthoods Resources Are Dedicated to Abortions? Although the name Planned Parenthood clearly states the primary objective of the organization- responsible family planning- it has been inaccurately portrayed by opponents such as Arizona Senator Jon Kyl who famously announced on the Senate floor on April 8, 2011, that providing abortions is well over 90 percent of what Planned Parenthood does. (Hours later, Kyles office made it clear the senators comment was not intended to be a factual statement.) The senators statement had its roots in misleading information provided by an organization called the SBA. According to the Washington Post, The  SBA List, which opposes abortion rights, arrives at its 94 percent figure by comparing abortions to two other categories of services that are provided to pregnant patients - or pregnancy services.†Ã‚  Unfortunately, this comparison is spurious. According to Planned Parenthood itself, of  10.6 million services provided in 2013, 327,653 of them (about 3% of total services) were abortion procedures. The other 97% includes testing and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, contraception, cancer screening and prevention, and pregnancy testing and prenatal services.   Non-Abortion Services Provided by Planned Parenthood Overall Planned Parenthood provides a huge range of health, reproductive, and counseling services for both men and women. Below is a breakdown of all patient care services. The majority of services provided relate to STD (sexually transmitted disease) testing and treatment, with another very large percentage dedicated to birth control. provided by Planned Parenthood affiliate health centers. Newer Service and Programs: Zika Education and PreventionTransgender and LGBT Healthcare ServicesHIV PreventionClinical ResearchOnline and Video CounselingMobile apps to support medical regimens  Planned Parenthood Generation Action college campus chapters  Mens Health Programs General Health Services: Anemia TestingCheckups for Sexual Health ProblemsCholesterol ScreeningColon Cancer ScreeningDiabetes ScreeningEmployment and Sports PhysicalsFlu VaccinationHigh Blood Pressure ScreeningRape Crisis Counseling ReferralsRoutine Physical ExamsSmoking CessationTetanus VaccinationThyroid ScreeningUTI Testing and Treatment Pregnancy Testing and Services: Pregnancy TestingAdoption ServicesAdoption ReferralsFertility Awareness Education  Pregnancy Planning ServicesPrenatal ServicesChildbirth ClassesPostpartum ExamsTrained Staff to Discuss Options If You Are PregnantTrained Staff to Talk with You About Miscarriage Birth Control: Birth Control ImplantBirth Control PatchBirth Control PillBirth Control ShotBirth Control SpongeBirth Control Vaginal RingCervical CapDiaphragmCondomFC2 Female CondomFertility Awareness Method (FAMs)IUD (hormonal, copper)SpermicideMens Sterilization (Vasectomy)Sterilization (Essure, Tubal Ligation) Emergency Contraception: Birth Control Pills as Emergency ContraceptionMorning-after Pill (Plan B and Similar Brands)Morning-after Pill (Ella)IUD (Copper)

Strategies for Environmental and Resource Governance Term Paper

Strategies for Environmental and Resource Governance - Term Paper Example But it also further enriches a powerful minority, mainly the already wealthy, and this poses a major barrier to change.† Without effective interventions, we are teetering precariously near the edge of a precipice. This paper looks at the case of water as a prime example of a finite resource whose depletion, if left unarrested, will create serious problems for the world.Fresh water is a basic human necessity. We need it for drinking, sanitation and personal hygiene, irrigation, hydroelectricity, for the natural resources it contains (such as fish), to preserve ecological balance, as part of our cultural mythology and for enjoyment (as part of the scenery).Flowing river water is a common resource which confers user rights but no private ownership rights. Groundwater, on the other hand, is subject to private ownership and therefore vulnerable to excess exploitation. This also makes ground water harvesting practices more scattered and difficult to implement and monitor. As more and more parts of the world face increasing water shortages and water commoditization, the issue of water scarcity – how it is perceived, problematized and the consequences in the form of policy responses – becomes crucial. ... First and foremost, it is essential to study the concept of scarcity – its underlying assumptions and how these translate in policy terms. Scarcity is a central concept in economic theory, particularly neoclassical economic theory, which in turn has strongly influenced policy thought. This focus on scarcity as deriving from economic thought, has important implications for policy planners. Firstly, scarcity is a given in economics. Thus, policy makers need not necessarily try and understand the nature of the scarcity – whether it is absolute or relative, constructed or real (Mehta 2003 and 2006) They can simply accept it as a natural and inevitable condition, evaluating only the degree of scarcity and building responses accordingly. Secondly, under conditions of scarcity, the market is considered to be the most efficient allocator of resources. In many developing countries, the market is replaced by the state, but scarcity is still considered to be addressable external t o the situation either by the market (by privatising water for example) or by the state (through prioritising of needs and resources connected to water). Segerfeldt proposes that the problem is not the shortage of water, but the absence of or deficiency in effective policies. He states: Worldwide, 1.1 billion people, mainly in poor countries, do not have access to clean, safe water. The shortage of water helps to perpetuate poverty, disease and early death. However, there is no shortage of water, at least not globally. We use a mere 8 per cent of the water available for human consumption. Instead, bad policies are the main problem. Even Cherrapunji, India, the wettest place on earth, suffers from recurrent water shortages. In looking at the roots of the problem

Psychological Disorders Screening Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Psychological Disorders Screening Project - Essay Example 405). The results from a properly administered test can provide truthful insights about a person, which in turn could be valuable in helping him or her deal with emotional conflicts, in guiding him or her as to the choice of a course or vocation, or in assisting the individual to land a job (â€Å"Personality Testing†, n.d.). When we speak of personality disorders which Millon defines as the ways by which an â€Å"individual deals with dependency needs (as cited in Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2001, p. 435), psychological screening tests designed to assess such can help professionals identify the syndrome and thereby prescribe appropriate interventions. There are variables that may have serious effects on the test-taking process. One such variable is the test-taker him/herself. Kaplan and Sacuzzo (2001) point that a subject’s motivation, anxiety, physical health and even hormonal levels can significantly affect test performance. When I took the test, I believe I was in a normal state, i.e., neither nervous nor sickly which reflected in the average results I got from the tests. Any and all information gathered from psychological tests may be used in a variety of ways. As mentioned earlier in this paper, personality tests help an individual increase his self-awareness.

From Africa to the Americans Essay Example for Free

From Africa to the Americans Essay The first pages of Kelly and Lewis’ To Make Our World Anew: Volume I: A History of African Americans to 1880 had opened the eyes of its readers about the real nature of the African race. While discussing the slave history of Black in the Western Hemisphere, he redirect the focus in discussing the great history of the Black people in its homeland in Africa. Prior to the slave trade and during the peak and climax of the numerous Black civilizations that existed, the Black people had managed to construct and established huge empires that were characterized with civilized systems like language and systems of writing. In many cases, the achievements of the Black people during their stay in their homeland can be compared to the successes of some of the greatest empire and civilizations that had existed in the East and in the West. It is just disappointing that the heritages of the Black people in Africa are undermined when compared to the heritage of the Asians or Americans for example. Rather, what is plotted in the mind of many people is the Blacks history as a slave. As the modern world had managed to reverse its perception on Black in relation to slavery period, it is important to note what happened in the past and the real history. Lewis and Kelly with their objective approach of the situation and history had provided us a new way of perceiving the Black people. With their reminders that great civilizations like Egypt that impacted other great civilizations like Greece and Rome, we are now starting to appreciate the beauty and wonders of the Black culture and descent. Today more than ever, we now see them not as ‘other people’ but rather a person that is equal to us that just happened to be created with a different color. Indeed, this is an improvement in the way of life in the modern world. Works Cited Kelly, Robin Lewis, Earl. To Make Our World Anew: Volume I: A History of African Americans to 1880. 2000. Oxford UP. Oxford. pp. 3-52. Print.

Atmosphere in The Hound of the Baskervilles Essay -- English Literatur

The Hound of the Baskervilles How does Sir Arthur Conan-Doyle develop and maintain an eerie atmosphere throughout his novel The Hound of the Baskervilles? Sir Arthur Conan-Doyle’s novel, the Hound of the Baskervilles, was originally published as a novel in 1902. This was an age when many people were interested in historical matters to do with things like ancient documents and there ancestors. Many of the popular books were in the supernatural and detective genres. These books were particularly popular with male readers and this is often due to the amount of main characters being male. The Hound of the Baskervilles was originally published episodically in the Strand magazine from August 1901 through to April 1902. Each month the chapter would end with a cliff-hanger, this was mainly so people would buy the next issue to find out what happens subsequently in the story. After the serialised version of the story it was then published as a novel buy George Newnes Ltd in London, 1902. Not only was The Hound of the Baskervilles popular as book, it was also popular as a film. In 1939 the Hound of the Baskervilles was released for the first time as a film. The film was directed by Sidney Lanfield and starred Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce. It was then filmed again and released in 1959 when it was directed by Terrence Fisher with Peter Cushing and Andre Morell starring. Most recently the story was filmed for the BBC as a ‘Christmas Special’ in 2002 for its centenary year. Even The Hound of the Baskervilles is over 100 years old it is still a popular book, it is the only one of Sir Arthur Conan-Doyle’s books not to be out of print and this is why it is regarded as his best novel. In Chapter 2 the curse ... ...his adds to the eeriness. When the dog is finally unleashed Conan Doyle describes it as ‘In mere size and strength it was a terrible creature which was lying stretched before us. It was not a pure bloodhound and it was not a pure mastiff; but it appeared to be a combination of the two -- gaunt, savage, and as large as a small lioness. Even now in the stillness of death, the huge jaws seemed to be dripping with a bluish flame and the small, deep-set, cruel eyes were ringed with fire. I placed my hand upon the glowing muzzle.’ This description and similar ones add to the eeriness. To conclude Conan Doyle uses several features to maintain an eerie feeling. He uses an ancient family ghost story, a mysterious house inhabited by a strange butler and his wife, treacherous moorland with ‘living’ weather and an escaped convict along with the threat of the hound.

Assess the usefulness of Marxist approach to an understanding of crime and deviance’ Essay

There are numerous Marxist theories that help us to understand crime and deviance in different ways, however they are all based around the same ideas. They believe capitalism causes crime in three different ways including, selective law enforcement, criminogenic capitalism and ideological nature of the law. Traditional Marxists believe that crime is inevitable in all societies because capitalism is criminogenic suggesting that it is societies very nature that causes crime. According to traditional Marxists society causes capitalism in different ways. One of which is due to poverty. The lack of social mobility means that people find it difficult to move up the social classes . And therefore those in poverty that cannot afford necessities such as food result in utilitarian crimes (crimes with a purpose) for example theft In order to survive. Another way that capitalism causes crime is due to capitalism advertising products encouraging the false need and desire for consumer goods. A false need makes an individual believe that they need a product when in reality they don’t, for example cars, phones etc. They can achieve this through the media for example TV advertisements and billboards, because people believe this is what they need if they cannot afford it legitimately then they may turn to crime. Thirdly capitalism can cause crime through alienation (individuals feeling isolated from the rest of society) as a lack of control of their lives may lead to crimes of violence and other non utilitarian crimes without a purpose for example domestic violence etc. This could occur whereby a partner feels frustrated with his social position and therefore takes it out on members of the family etc. Finally capitalism encourages a dog-eat-dog world therefore regardless of social class people always want more. This leads to crimes from all different classes. The wealthy commit crimes such as fraud and tax invasion, statistics just don’t show this as much. David Gordon 1976 explained this as he said crime is a rational response to the capitalist system and is found in all social classes, even though statistics make it look as though it is concentrated amongst the working class. Here David Gordon is explaining that crime is just a response to the way society is run, that it is the capitalist structure of society that creates these crimes, and that even though statistics represent more working class as the criminals, in reality all classes are guilty of crime. Traditional Marxists also proposed the theory that law making and law enforcement can have an effect on crime in society as law making and enforcement serves the interests of the capitalist class. The ruling class have the power to change laws, prevent laws and enforce laws. An example of when we have seen how quickly laws can be enforced by the ruling class was during the summer riots in 2011 when laws were quickly passed through parliament to give police powers to force individuals to remove headwear. This shows that it is the ruling class that have power and therefore laws are based on the ruling class views not considering the working class opinions. As well as this Marxists also argue that certain types of crime are likely to be dealt with more rigorously than others. For example street crimes such as assault and theft are more likely to be pursued by the police than white collar crimes such as fraud. The English government have only made some attempts to deal with white collar crimes however the USA targets the offence more seriously. As well as this certain groups are more likely to be on the receiving end of law enforcement. For example in inner city areas the police patrol more therefore working class are more likely to get caught because working class are more likely to live in the city. David Gordon argues that the selective enforcement of the law benefits capitalism in three main ways. By punishing the working class which protects the capitalist system which is responsible for the crime. As well as defining individuals as ‘social failures’ directing the blame away from the system. And thirdly defining criminals as ‘animals’ and ‘sick’ for example, justifying putting them in prison. Keeping these individuals out of the public eye allows us to forget why the crime occurred needed to help us solve the problems. Traditional Marxists also explore the ideological nature of the law; this function is valuable in allowing the ruling class to maintain their position of wealth. This process is what Althusser named the ideological state apparatus. This includes the school and the variety of forms of media, and it is through these that the ruling class is able to socialise individuals into accepting ruling class ideology. ISAs are responsible for promoting ruling class values of self interest and competition and as a result create a society in which basic values support the capitalist political and economic system. Marxists also believe that crime and the law can perform an ideological function by essentially brain washing individuals. For example some laws may appear to benefit the working class for example the health and safety laws at work, but these, according to a Marxist FrankPearce are only there to benefit the capitalists by ensuring a fit and healthy work force. In addition to this by prosecuting a large proportion of the working class it makes it look like the capitalists are caring for its citizens, it also helps divide the working class so many blame each other for crime rather than capitalism. There are many positives and negatives of traditional Marxist theory in helping us to understand crime and deviance. A large strength is that the theory successfully explains how crime cuts across all social class lines, as it shows evidence of all classes committing crimes. Therefore it is a macro-theory and can be applied to the whole of society making it generalisable. Another strength is that there is a lot of evidence to show the presence of law enforcement, for example it was illustrated through news showing law making over night during the summer riots. However weaknesses of the theory include the fact that the Marxism view underestimates the free will of a criminal by blaming the system, it is too deterministic by over predicting the amount of crime present especially in the working class. Not all those in poverty are committing crime and would never turn to committing crime. Marxism does not explore this factor efficiently. Another weakness is that it largely ignores the relationship between crime and important non class based inequalities for example gender and ethnicity. Neo-Marxists who are considered new Marxists support some traditional Marxists views however some views vary and It is important to explore these different views in order to understand crime and deviance. Neo Marxists focus on ideology. So where by traditional Marxist Althusser believed in brain washing. A Neo-Marxist Antonio Gramsi came along and put forward the ideas that people do realise they’re being exploited. He presented us with the term relative autonomy of the state (self power and self control) and put forward the ideas that people do realise they’re being exploited. Another New-Marxist theorist Taylor et all challenged the Marxist theory by stating that workers are not driven to crime through economic necessity. They believe that this theory was too deterministic and doesn’t question an individual’s free will. They also go against the interactionist theory and state that young males do not commit crime because they have been labelled. As well as challenging the sub cultural theory by arguing that young males do not commit crime because they are part of a subculture. Instead Taylor suggested his own theory as to why people are lead to committing crimes. He states that people commit crime often because they are angry at capitalism. They express their anger through crime rather than politics. This suggests that individuals are committing crimes on the basis of being frustrated with the structure of society that they live in and express this frustration through committing crimes, maybe because they don’t feel they will ever be heard through politics etc due to the ruling class having power? Taylor put forward the new criminology theory: a fully social theory of deviance. This includes six main parts. Firstly, the wider origins of the deviant crime. This is in the unequal distribution of wealth and power in capitalist society. A strength of this is that it doesn’t look at a micro situation, it looks at the whole of society. Secondly, the immediate origins of the deviant crime, this is the particular context in which the individual decides to commit the act. For example in the summer riots people looting due to the immediate origins being anger due to recession, cuts in public benefits of society being closed down for example youth clubs and libraries. Thirdly the act itself and its meaning for the individual e.g. rebellion against capitalism. Fourthly, the immediate origins of social reaction, so the reactions of those around the deviant, for example the police and the family and their reactions to discovering deviance. Next are the wider origins of social reaction in the structure of capitalist society, questioning who has the power to define actions as deviant? And lastly the effects of labelling on the deviants future actions, for example getting a job. A strength of the Neo-Marxism theory is that critical criminology has forced sociologists to look at the wider social, economic and political factors and it has offered a new approach to how crime is shaped by the individual’s actions within an unfair criminal justice system. However a weakness of the theory is that it is too general to explain crime and to idealistic to be useful in tackling crime. There are numerous similarities and differences between traditional Marxists and neo-Marxists which are useful in helping us to understand crime and deviance. Similarities include the fact they see capitalist society based on inequalities between the social classes and this is a key to understanding crime. They both agree that the state makes laws and enforce laws in the interests of the capitalist class which is important when considering how classes are represented within decisions of the law and how these decisions can have a different effect on both classes. And they both believe that to prevent crime capitalism should be replaced by a classless society. However differences between the theories are that neo-Marxists believe that criminals are not passive puppets who’s behaviour is shaped by capitalism this is important in assessing how valuable the Marxist theory is as it puts forward the idea that although a criminogenic capitalist society does effect crime and deviance there are other factors as well. Another difference is that Neo-Marxists use interactionist ideas to see how the behaviour of the victim, offender, media and criminal justice system all interact to influence how the situation developed. Therefore this too exploring other possibilities as to why the crime was committed. Overall the Marxist theory as whole is valuable in explaining why crime is committed as it looks at the problems in society as to why individuals within our society commit crime. It explores how the very nature of our society can cause these crimes by looking at all different perspectives for example through the criminal justice system, poverty, media and advertising etc. It also has explanations for both utilitarian and non utilitarian crimes and can be applied to the whole of society as it also explores white collar crime and not just crimes committed by the working class. Therefore the fact that it is a macro-theory makes it very useful as it is easily generalised. Overall the theory as a whole is very strong in helping our understanding as why crime exists.

How Does Australias Landscape Depicted in Poetry Essay

Australia is a land of great contrast and diversity, its physical landscape is one of many of its great features, and its diversity is very broad. The poem My Country by Dorothea Mackellar greatly relates to the beauty and size of the Australian landscape. The poems Alcohol by Peter Goldsworthy and Metho-Drinker by Judith Wright relate to the Australia’s attitudes towards the misuse of drugs and alcohol in modern Australian society. These issues are also shown a lot in the movie ‘Beneath Clouds’, directed by Ivan Sen. The poem ‘My country’ describes Australia’s landscape with great extent and shows the author loves for this land using many examples. In this poem the author tries to bring Australia to its simplest form, the use of poetic techniques such as metaphors and similes, or the use of personification. ‘I love her jewel sea’, this metaphor gives the effect of preciousness and shows how special Australia really is to her (Dorothea Mackellar). Another example is the quote ‘the pityless blue sky’, which is personification and gives the blue sky an attitude towards the land beneath them, and of cause it’s referring to Australia’s drought. The land of the rainbow gold†, the author is describing her view of Australia, her love for the country. Another example of how ‘My Country’ depicts the Australian landscape is using alliteration, ‘for flood and fire and famine’, these are all common natural disasters, showing the complexity of the country, the good and bad side. â€Å"All you who have not loved her, you will not understand†, this quote is the author saying that no one will understand her love for the country. Alcohol is a poem that is about the problem of alcohol in society, it is written in a first person form and shows the thoughts of a youth boy using alcohol. The poem is appeals on an emotional level, as it describes the joy of alcohol for teenagers. The quote â€Å"Surf’s up, I said at school. My drinking friends came round†. This quote from the poem really shows the boy’s initial attitude towards alcohol, he is looking back and reflecting his times as a teenage boy. This quote relates to Australia’s diversity as underage drinking is a known problem in today’s society. â€Å"Why such simple stuff work magic in the mind†, this quote gives a good idea of the teenage boy’s perspective of alcohol at the time, he also refers to it as â€Å"a rain hat fell from heaven†, and also â€Å"proof of god†, these references show his love and reliance on alcohol. The poem relates to Australian society very greatly, it shows the perspective of many teenagers in modern society, also it shows how innocent alcohol can look, but still carry the long term effects if abused. Metho Drinker is a poe m about a man that is hopeless and near death due to the misuse of alcohol and methylated spirits. Methylated spirits are often a used drug in Australian society today. Unfortunately 73% of users are aboriginal, and 60% of that are in outback Australia. It is a big problem in today’s society. â€Å"Under the death of winters leaves†, this quote is the first line in the poem, it initially creates miserable visual imagery and sets a sad mood. â€Å"O take from me the weight and waterfall ceaseless time that batters down my weakness; the knives of light†. This quote is describing the man’s view on his life, ‘O take from me the weight’, he is saying take me from this life of hopelessness. He describes the daytime as ‘the knives of light’, he is saying this because the light shows who he has really become. His white and burning girl, his woman of fire, creeps to his heart and sets a candle there†. The quote is referring to methylated spirits being his ‘woman of fire’, a woman generally being a man’s wife and most important thing to them. Also the author uses personification by referring to the ‘metho’ as ‘his white and burning girl’. â€Å"To melt away the flesh that hides from bone, to eat the nerve that tethers him in time†. Now the author is creating a gruesome atmosphere using visual imagery, it is describing the effects of the ‘metho’ on the homeless man. It was for death he took her; death is but this; and yet he is uneasy under her kiss and winces from that acid of her desire†. This quote is the final three lines of the poem, it is describing the man’s attitude towards his problems, and he drank the ‘metho’ in order to take his own life. This poem relates to Australia quite a lot, it shows the perspective of drug addicts, homeless people and alcoholics. There are a lot of problems in Australia regarding unemployment and housing, this creates a very unstable lifestyle for a lot of Australians causing them to lose their homes, family and friends. The movie ‘Beneath Clouds’, directed by Ivan Sen is about two young aboriginal teenagers searching for a better life. Lena, a light-skinned daughter of an Aboriginal mother and Irish father and Vaughn, an aboriginal boy in minimum security prison in North West NSW. Striking events throw them together on a journey with no money and no transport. To Lena, Vaughn represents the life she is running away from. To Vaughn, Lena represents the society that has rejected him. And for a short amount of time they experience happiness together. The movie is set in the outback of New South Wales, showing a very broad landscape background for 70 percent of the movie. It is set like this to show the ‘emptiness’ of the town, and to show how far away general society is. Lena is running away from her family because of the implications that alcohol had on her family. Before she run’s away she looks at a photo of how her family used to be, but previously see the mother drinking and abusing her, and the son getting taken away by the police. Alcohol were being drank by both the mother and father, with empty beer bottles over the house, this showing the abuse of alcohol in that household. Vaughn is a 19 year old aboriginal boy who escapes jail and somehow ends up running away with Lena. During the journey we see a lot of racism, shown evident in three scenes. The woman driving on the road, about to pick Lena up, then see’s Vaughn and drives straight off, the policemen’s attitude towards the aboriginal man’s car and also when Vaughn walks in to the bar, the men’s suddenly find Vaughn suspicious as soon as they see him. This racism is a pure example of Australia and its different perspectives. Australia is a place of6 great diversity and contrast, the poems Alcohol by Peter Goldsworthy, Metho Drinker by Judith Wright and My Country by Dorothea Mackellar prove this in many ways. They show the great beauty of Australia’s landscape, and explore the different problems of Australian society misusing drugs and alcohol. This is also shown in the movie ‘Beneath Clouds’, directed by Ivan Sen.

Constitutional Adjudication of the External Affairs Power

Constitutional Adjudication of the External Affairs Power Free Online Research Papers TITLE: ‘Areas of what are of purely domestic concern are steadily contracting and those of international concern are ever expanding’ by Stephen J in Koowarta v Bjelke-Peterson (1982) 153 CLR 168, [217]. (i) Introduction The Commonwealth of Australia Act (‘Constitution’) confers the principle that the powers of the Commonwealth are received from and limited by it. That is, the Commonwealth Government is subjected to the law like everybody within Australia. Under the Constitution the Commonwealth Government is also responsible for ‘’. This power has allowed the Commonwealth to create laws in a widespread manner. In instances, overriding State Government (‘States’) powers which are specifically protected in the Consitution. The States have appealed to the High Court of Australia (‘HC’) disputing that the Commonwealth Government’s legislation is constitutionally invalid. The following cases will display the arguments the States have taken in an attempt to place limits on the Commonwealth Government’s power under the external affairs banner. More specifically the proposal that the Commonwealth Government may abuse its power by passing legislation and simply attaching it to a related signed treaty. The HC has a history of giving the term ‘external affairs’ a broad meaning and effectively giving the Commonwealth Government extensive legislative opportunities. It will be discussed how the HC has recognised minimal practical legal restraints when the Commonwealth Government is utilising its external affairs power when implementing treaties. (ii) The Separation Of Powers Responsible Government To fully understand the issues the States are confronting it is necessary to give a brief understanding of the Constitution . The Constitution defines the functioning bodies of the Commonwealth, the matters it has the power to legislate over and the HC. The Constitution implies that there is a distinct separation of powers between the three institutions, being the legislature, executive and judiciary. However Australia adopted the responsible government model where the Executive Government members come from the Commonwealth Parliament that holds office in the House of Representatives. Australia also adopted a Federal system of government so that effectively the States preserved their legislative powers, except those given to the Commonwealth by the Constitution. The States could legislate on any matter but become invalid if contrary to Commonwealth legislation made pursuant to s51. (iii) Treaty Treaty is a universal word compiling of agreements, conventions, exchanges of notes and letters, protocols and other instruments administer by ‘international law and giving rise to international rights and obligations.’ The Constitution does not give specific powers to the Governor General to sign treaties with other Countries , but the power is fundamentally an adopted prerogative power of the Crown. (iv) Treaties As Australia is a contracting party to the ‘Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties’ it must align its implementation of treaties in accordance with the provisions of treaty. However Australia, like other nations have the right not to partake, abandon and to make provisions about some concerns of the treaty. This leads into the later discussed argument of whether a treaty should be appropriately adapted in law. (v) Scope of External Affairs Power Many aspects of the Commonwealth Government’s power to pass laws with respect to ‘external affairs’ under s51(xxix) have not yet been fully examined. There are however three current distinct perspectives. Firstly, being ‘relations’ with other countries. In R v Sharkey it was held that seditious acts incorporated treasonable acts against any Commonwealth country, and therefore could affect Australia’s relations within the Commonwealth. . However in this case Latham J broadened external affairs by concluding that the power extended to Australia’s relations with all other countries. This broad ‘relations’ perspective can also help to validate the implementation of treaties into legislation by arguing that if treaties are not implemented appropriately it could possibly effect the relations with other countries or with international organisations. This was shown in the case of XYZ v Commonwealth where Kirby J indicated that maintaining relations with international organisations, such as ‘United Nations treaty body with responsibility for implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child,’ may be sufficient to validate legislative provisions. Secondly, affairs that are essentially external to the land mass of the Australian continent. In the New South Wales v Commonwealth (Seas and Submerged Lands Case) it was found that the Commonwealth legislation was a valid exercise of external affairs power granted by s51(xxix). As it dealt with issues that were ‘geographically situated outside Australia’ and therefore appropriately fell under the umbrella of the external affair powers. Mason J in this case elaborated on the scope of the power, holding that external affairs should be interrupted in a very broad and general way. In XYZ v Commonwealth the joint judgment of Gummow, Hayne and Crennan JJ held that this broad view was sufficient to validate legislation if it simply dealt with conduct that had occurred outside Australia. Thirdly, which will be largely discussed below, is in relation to how the Commonwealth has produced legislation for their obligations when it enters into international treaties. It has been argued by some of the States that the Commonwealth is acting unconstitutionally when it implements legislation which effects the operations and legislation of the States. The Commonwealth Government countering this argument by indicating that if legislation comes under the umbrella and protection of s51(xxix) then it makes it constitutional. (vi) Scope broadening The HC has for many years continued to allow a very broad interpretation of external affairs. For example, in the Polyukhovich v Commonwealth (War Crimes Act Case) it was held that any legislation that is characterized with respect to anything ‘occurring or situated outside Australia is a law with respect to â€Å"External affairs†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ is constitutional. It was further stated by Brennan J, that Australia must be seen to be able to make laws that are ‘conducive to international peace and order’ that are derived from international agreements. This addresses the later argument whether restraints should be very limited. (vii) Implementing Treaties Professor Harrison Moore expressly held that implementing legislation in response to treaty obligations under external affairs power must be limited to matters that were actually external to Australia and did not encompass matters that were ‘purely domestic’. In R v Burgess; Ex parte Henry, Moore’s view was considered but was over turned, holding that Australia could not be limited in signing treaties in advance of the fluctuating international environment. This highlights the concern if the current constitutional federal system can appropriately deal with the new global environment and if practical legal restraints may only further burden the Commonwealth Government’s approach with dealing with it. Alternatively if the Commonwealth Government is simply abusing its constitutional powers under s51(xxix). This case also endorsed the position that external affairs is extended to international recommendations, draft international conventions or international requests. But in Victoria v Commonwealth (IndustrialRelations Act Case) a practical restraint was placed on recommendations that related to treaties, in that they must embody the treaty. The HC did not conclusively restrict this restraint when recommendations were independent of a treaty, however offered that the legislation would have to be seen to be ‘appropriate and adapted’ to the international recommendation. (viii) Conformity with the Treaty In R v Burgess; Ex parte Henry case it highlights that legislation passed in response to a ratified international treaty should be in ‘conformity’ with the treaty, however this will depend on the treaty provisions. As an ‘inflexible and rigid adherence’ to the treaty would not allow the Commonwealth Government to apply legislation that is suited to the Australia conditions. This approach was strengthen in R vPoole; Ex parte Henry (No 2) where laws were valid if they were ‘sufficiently stamped with the purpose’ of the treaty or in another case, where the laws were not inconsistent with carrying out the treaty. This altered to a test of ‘reasonable proportionality’ where the laws purpose must be to embody the treaty. Deane J held that the court would not invalidate legislation if it only â€Å"‘partially’† realise the treaty but only if the terms were contrary to the treaty. It was later considered that a better test would be that the legislation ‘must be reasonably capable of being considered appropriate and adapted to implementing the treaty’. This test allowed for a measure of practical legal restraint by invalidating some sections of the legislation that were adverse to the treaty. Therefore this test could be argued that it enables the States to practically restrain the Commonwealth legislation by requiring it to be aligned with the treaty. However, as the Commonwealth is a party to a treaty that which is to be embodied in the legislation, it may be able to influence the treaty to meet the Commonwealth’s agenda. If this is achieved then the only legal restraint would be to argue that the treaty was created in bad faith, which will be discussed later. (ix) Further Widening of the Power Reducing Legal Restraints. The scope of the external affairs power was certainly widened in the following mentioned cases of Koowarta v Bjelke-Peterson and Commonwealth v Tasmania (Tasmanian Dam Case). In the first case, Koowarta v Bjelke-Peterson three decisions of the majority judgment held that there should be no limitation that the power had to relate to a sufficient international significance. However, three minority decisions held that a treaty must be ‘indisputably [of] international character’. The other majority decision effectively held that this was to narrow and formed that it only must be of an ‘international concern’. (x) International Concern Stephen J holds that external affairs may include things outside of treaties, being where Australia has to serve international concerns. This brings about the idea that laws may be implemented by the Commonwealth simply through an international obligation in matters of worldly fundamental individual’s rights which have evolved into customary international law. This idea incorporates a jurisprudence approach to the issue of how the HC would act in response to individual rights. Individual rights was also discussed by Dixon J in R v Burgess; Ex parte Henry which illustrated that if the Commonwealth Government implemented legislation that affected the rights of individual citizens in a ‘particular way’ would not be valid as a matter of external affairs. This would lead to jurisprudence type reasoning in relation to judicial activism and whether rights are absolute. Perhaps this could be an effective legal constraint but the legislation would have to dispose of significant rights in order to invoke an argument of this calibre. In the Commonwealth v Tasmania (Tasmanian Dam Case) Gibbs CJ continues to interpret ‘international concern’ by indicating that it will depend on the level to which other countries regard it to be an international duty to act. As this question can only be answered by assessing the international environment at the time the legislation was implemented, it will cause the HC to decide on a constantly changing factual matter. The HC has stated that these types of matters which involved weighing up internal and external social, political and economic matters are for the Commonwealth and not the court. This effectively allows the Commonwealth Government the power to evolve legislation under the external affairs powers into many new areas, including the matter of preserving land normally considered a States domestic domain. For this reason it is difficult for the court to apply any practical legal constraints on the Commonwealth Government in advance of any future legislat ion. In Addition, it asked the question if legal restraints would only create paralysing problems for the Commonwealth Government in adapting to the world environment. (xi) Expansion of International Law Impacts Dawson J dismisses the expansion of international concerns must influence the expansion of the external affairs power by holding that a domestic law matter can remain just that and does not have to evolve into an external affair. However, the majority decision in Industrial Relations Act case conclusively held that as the Constitution was created in a time where there were significant worldly changes happening the term ‘external affairs’ should not be frozen in the 1900. Therefore, adding to the argument whether there should be any restraints on the external affairs power. (xii) Reciprocal Benefits In Commonwealth v Tasmania (Tasmanian Dam case) Mason J addresses the States’ argument that where there is no reciprocal benefit with other countries, then how can it be regarded as an international concern. Mason puts forward the proposition that it is difficult to measure the reciprocal benefits to other nations and therefore this should not be a factor in determining external affairs. If a benefit is required for it to become an external affair matter then this should be adjudicated by holding that countries would not labour with nonsense issues, and therefore, just the mere fact that Australia has entered into a treaty is sufficient to establish an international concern. Mason J takes this position under the assumption that it is not the role of the court to assess the subject matter of treaties and then as a matter of fact determine them to be of international concern, as this is for the Commonwealth Government. As questions about treaty benefits or international relations are informative judgments that should be done by the politically elected and accountable government. Therefore, Mason J has effectively given the Commonwealth Government no practical legal limits of ensuring it does not abuse its external affairs power. This effectively would undermine the Federation levels of legislative power, which Dawson J rejects as unconstitutional. (xiii) Bad faith or Bona vide treaties The Koowarta case highlighted that the Commonwealth Parliament could effectively be able to create laws in a universal way across Australia. This would be contrary to the ideology of federalism found in the Constitution, where it is suppose to retain domestic type concerns to the States. Gibbs CJ held that if the Commonwealth was entering into a treaty in order to create broader legislative powers then this would be in ‘bad faith’ and would invalidate the power. However, it would be difficult to conclude that if a treaty was entered into for this purpose, but was already of an international concern, then this would not be held to be in bad faith. Similar problems would arise in order to legally restrain the Commonwealth Government in examining if the treaty was ‘bona vide’ as suggested by Dawson J in a later case of Richardson v Forestry Commission. However, it does leave a small opportunity for a practical legal argument that if it isn’t a bona vide treaty, therefore it can not be utilised to implement legislation under the external affair power. (xiv) Unconstitutional If the court continues to allow a very broad interpretation to external affairs power, it is effectively undermining other sections of the Constitution. These other sections positively separate powers into Commonwealth and State matters. However, if the Commonwealth can bring the matter under the umbrella of the external affairs power it has effectively limited the use of the Constitution as the other sub sections in s51 are not utilised. This in itself is unconstitutional as it is for the majority of the people of Australia that have the capacity to change the Constitution. The broad interpretation of external affairs has been drawn from the fact that most international matters are very complicate and sensitive and the HC has decided that these matters should be left to the Commonwealth Government to adjudicate on. (xi) Conclusion It becomes apparent that as the world is becoming more connected and overlapped, matters of international affairs will increase. The HC has appeared to reflect this proposition by allowing the Commonwealth Government to bring many once held to be State domestic concerns under the umbrella of external affairs. However they have held that as the power relates to ‘external affairs’ it does allow the HC to examine the circumstances of a treaty and to invalidate legislation if the treaty was made in bad faith. However, this would be in limited circumstances that the HC would take this view as it is seen, essentially, as a politically matter. Bibliography 1. Articles/Books/Reports Blackshield, Tony and Williams, George, Australian Constitutional law and Theory, Federation Press, 2006. Coorey LJM and S Ratnapala, The High Court and the Constitution- Literalism and Beyond (1986). Craven Gregory, The Convention Debates: Commentries, Indices and Guide, (1986), 203. Dworkin Ronald, Taking Rights Seriously, 1977 Greig D. W, The Australian Year Book of International Law, (1981-1983) Vol 10 at 528. Lewis David, The external affairs power child sex tourism offences, Litigation Notes (2006) 14. Moore Harrison, Commonwealth of Australia, (1910) 2nd Ed, 461. Omar, Imtiaz, Constiutional Law, Butterworths 2003. 2. Case Law Airlines of NSW Pty Ltd v New South Wales (No 2) (1965) 113 CLR 54. Al-Kateb v Godwin (2004) 219 CLR 562. Andrews v Howell (1941) 65 CLR 255. Case of Proclamations (1611). Commonwealth v Tasmania (Tasmanian Dam case) (1983) 158 CLR 1. Koowarta v Bjelke-Peterson (1982) 153 CLR 168. New South Wales v Commonwealth (Seas and Submerged Lands Case) (1975) 135 CLR 337. Polyukhovich v Commonwealth (War Crimes Act Case) (1991) 172 CLR 501. R v Burgess; Ex parte Henry (1936) 55 CLR 608. R vPoole; Ex parte Henry (No 2) (1939) 61 CLR 634. R v Sharke (1949) 79 CLR 121. Richardson v Forestry Commission (1988) 164 CLR 261. Roche v Kronheimer (1921) 29 CLR 329. Spratt v Hermes (1965) 114 CLR 226. Victoria v Commonwealth (Industrial relations Act Case) (1996) 187 CLR 416. XYZ v Commonwealth (2006) 227 ALR 495. 3. Legislation Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act. 4. Treaties 5. Other Sources Other notes cut out of assignment and to be used for study only purposes. (iv) Political view The Commonwealth Government has shown that as it has the inherent prerogative power to sign treaties and the constitutional power to legislate accordingly to them, it has taken a very firm position reducing the States’ legislation. This is politically evident when in 1983 the Commonwealth Government adopted provisions for the need of consultation with the States in regards to treaties. The following provision is an example of the firm view held by the Commonwealth Government that they were not going to be hindered by the States, even though they acknowledged that as the States were going to be effected they should be consulted. The provision states, ‘The Commonwealth endorses the principles and procedures, subject to their operations not being allowed to result in unreasonable delays in the negotiating, joining or implementing of treaties by Australia.’ Research Papers on Constitutional Adjudication of the External Affairs PowerAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Bringing Democracy to AfricaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaQuebec and CanadaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceCapital Punishment19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraDefinition of Export Quotas

Creating Delphi Components Dynamically (at run-time)

Creating Delphi Components Dynamically (at run-time) Most often when programming in Delphi you dont need to dynamically create a component. If you drop a component on a form, Delphi handles the component creation automatically when the form is created. This article will cover the correct way to programmatically create components at run-time. Dynamic Component Creation There are two ways to dynamically create components. One way is to make a form (or some other TComponent) the owner of the new component. This is a common practice when building composite components where a visual container creates and owns the subcomponents. Doing so will ensure that the newly-created component is destroyed when the owning component is destroyed. To create an instance (object) of a class, you call its Create method. The Create constructor is a class method, as opposed to virtually all other methods you’ll encounter in Delphi programming, which are object methods. For example, the TComponent declares the Create constructor as follows: constructor Create(AOwner: TComponent) ; virtual; Dynamic Creation with OwnersHeres an example of dynamic creation, where Self is a TComponent or TComponent descendant (e.g., an instance of a TForm): with TTimer.Create(Self) dobeginInterval : 1000;Enabled : False;OnTimer : MyTimerEventHandler;end; Dynamic Creation with an Explicit Call to FreeThe second way to create a component is to use nil as the owner. Note that if you do this, you must also explicitly free the object you create as soon as you no longer need it (or youll produce a memory leak). Heres an example of using nil as the owner: with TTable.Create(nil) dotryDataBaseName : MyAlias;TableName : MyTable;Open;Edit;FieldByName(Busy).AsBoolean : True;Post;finallyFree;end; Dynamic Creation and Object ReferencesIt is possible to enhance the two previous examples by assigning the result of the Create call to a variable local to the method or belonging to the class. This is often desirable when references to the component need to be used later, or when scoping problems potentially caused by With blocks need to be avoided. Heres the TTimer creation code from above, using a field variable as a reference to the instantiated TTimer object: FTimer : TTimer.Create(Self) ;with FTimer dobeginInterval : 1000;Enabled : False;OnTimer : MyInternalTimerEventHandler;end; In this example FTimer is a private field variable of the form or visual container (or whatever Self is). When accessing the FTimer variable from methods in this class, it is a very good idea to check to see if the reference is valid before using it. This is done using Delphis Assigned function: if Assigned(FTimer) then FTimer.Enabled : True; Dynamic Creation and Object References without OwnersA variation on this is to create the component with no owner, but maintain the reference for later destruction. The construction code for the TTimer would look like this: FTimer : TTimer.Create(nil) ;with FTimer dobegin...end; And the destruction code (presumably in the forms destructor) would look something like this: FTimer.Free;FTimer : nil;(*Or use FreeAndNil (FTimer) procedure, which frees an object reference and replaces the reference with nil.*) Setting the object reference to nil is critical when freeing objects. The call to Free first checks to see if the object reference is nil or not, and if it isnt, it calls the objects destructor Destroy. Dynamic Creation and Local Object References without Owners Heres the TTable creation code from above, using a local variable as a reference to the instantiated TTable object: localTable : TTable.Create(nil) ;trywith localTable dobeginDataBaseName : MyAlias;TableName : MyTable;end;...// Later, if we want to explicitly specify scope:localTable.Open;localTable.Edit;localTable.FieldByName(Busy).AsBoolean : True;localTable.Post;finallylocalTable.Free;localTable : nil;end; In the example above, localTable is a local variable declared in the same method containing this code. Note that after freeing any object, in general it is a very good idea to set the reference to nil. A Word of Warning IMPORTANT: Do not mix a call to Free with passing a valid owner to the constructor. All of the previous techniques will work and are valid, but the following should never occur in your code: with TTable.Create(self) dotry...finallyFree;end; The code example above introduces unnecessary performance hits, impacts memory slightly, and has the potential to introduce hard to find bugs. Find out why. Note: If a dynamically created component has an owner (specified by the AOwner parameter of the Create constructor), then that owner is responsible for destroying the component. Otherwise, you must explicitly call Free when you no longer need the component. Article originally written by Mark Miller A test program was created in Delphi to time the dynamic creation of 1000 components with varying initial component counts. The test program appears at the bottom of this page. The chart shows a set of results from the test program, comparing the time it takes to create components both with owners and without. Note that this is only a portion of the hit. A similar performance delay can be expected when destroying components. The time to dynamically create components with owners is 1200% to 107960% slower than that to create components without owners, depending on the number of components on the form and the component being created. The Test Program Warning: This test program does not track and free components that are created without owners. By not tracking and freeing these components, times measured for the dynamic creation code more accurately reflect the real time to dynamically create a component. Download Source Code Warning! If you want to dynamically instantiate a Delphi component and explicitly free it sometime later, always pass nil as the owner. Failure to do so can introduce unnecessary risk, as well as performance and code maintenance problems. Read the A warning on dynamically instantiating Delphi components article to learn more...

Art in Context - Andy Goldsworthy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Art in Context - Andy Goldsworthy - Essay Example Background and Philosophies of Goldsworthy Goldsworthy was born and grew up in Britain and is best known for his naturalistic work in photography, sculpture and site – specific art. Goldsworthy was born in 1929 and lived until 2001. His earlier life was spent by the green belt, a community specific for the naturalistic elements which were a part of the area. This was combined with the work which Goldsworthy began at the age of 13 as a farmhand. In 1974, Goldsworthy studied fine arts at the Bradford College of Art followed by his studies at Preston Polytechnic. He became a professor of applied mathematics at the University of Leeds and remained in Scotland and England for the rest of his life. His works continue to carry the same influences with the installations of the natural settings as well as the belief that nature is one which is not only based on the natural reflections and settings, but also has forms of artistic elements combined with the setting, all which are disturb ing and should be noted with his works (Malpas, 2008: 15). The artistic elements that are throughout Goldsworthy’s work are combined with the philosophies which he carried throughout his life. The main component which was the basis of Goldsworthy’s work was from what is now considered eco – art. This used the natural elements, patterns and frameworks of nature to combine into the main ideologies of the art works. By highlighting the natural patterns that were in nature, there was also the ability to show the values which were in society. The aesthetics were combined with this by focusing on the geometries, natural patterns and the elements of nature which stood out because of the values seen in ecological systems. Goldsworthy found pride in his works by showing how nature was one which shouldn’t be considered as an element of sameness, but instead, was based on the understanding that noticing the patterns also allowed one to notice art (McLean, 2002: 1). Works of Goldsworthy and Contextual Relevance There are several elements of Goldsworthy which were noted not only for his personal thoughts, but also which were relevant to the context of the time. The work of the time was one which was based on the growing of industrialization, factories, machinery and construction jungles of the cities that were emerging at a rapid rate. The work of Goldsworthy rejected the unnatural status which most were referring to. This came from the rebellion against artists such as Andy Warhol, who represented the artistic works of the time through concepts such as Campbell’s Soup. The take which Goldsworthy represented was one which sent the message that nature should still be looked into and considered as a main component in nature. The ideal was to move back into nature and to release the wild, as opposed to constructing the new out of the machinery which was quickly emerging at the time (Adams, 2003: 5). An example of the works which showed a reb ellion against the machinery was in â€Å"Reed Screen† as seen in image 1. Image 1: Reed Screen This particular installation piece was inclusive of the reeds of a tree which were intertwined like a spider web. In the middle of this was the shape of a tree from a sculpture which Goldsworthy

The Gospel of jesus Christ II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Gospel of jesus Christ II - Essay Example For them, the day of the Lord is the arrival of a divine political figure that could protect their country. For them, Jesus would not offer a Jewish Kingdom. According to (Kereszty 97) â€Å"The angry reaction shows that Jesus was indeed known as a normal â€Å"ordinary guy† among his townsfolk† Jews did not want a King who was not a political leader because they wanted a geographical liberation from Israelites enemy which Jesus could not offer. When the wise men asked about the whereabouts of the King to Herod he was surprised and questioned his authority. For Jews, the Kingdom of God would come from a divine political figure and accepting a person outside this realm was taken with confusion, fear and despise. According to Kerestzy, the love of Jesus is a forgiving one this means his forgiving nature even to the enemies. But this forgiving love can have terrible consequences as Jesus was tortured and crucified by Jews. 2. Christian theologians had different views when it came to Christ as the systematic theologians believed in explicit theology while the commentators were on the side of the implicit theology. This belief of theologians had been creating a conflict as both had differences in interpreting the values expressed by Jesus Christ. Explicit theology is the public nature of the religion as in how the church practiced its rituals, sermons, mission, values and doctrines. It is more outwardly and identifiable. However the implicit theology is much more subtle and looks at the underlying concept in a religion. However, Balthasmer had a logical attitude towards both explicit and implicit theology as he suggested one cannot chose one to be right and other to be wrong. He was of the opinion that one need to balance on the divine aspects as the general will of God is salvation. He says that, Scriptures and Church tradition of faith can assert the fate of humanity. As per ( Catcheism)

Ibn al-athir Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ibn al-athir - Essay Example The document was perhaps written in Mesopotamia since the Arab historian lived in Mosul, a place located in Northern Iraq. The document seems to be a narrative of secondhand information about the Tatars. The author had described the stories he heard about the atrocities of the Tatars. For instance, he stated â€Å"It is now time for us to describe how they first burst forth into the lands. Stories have been related to me, which the hearer can scarcely credit, as to the terror of the Tatars, which God Almighty cast into men’s hearts; so that it is said that a single one of them would enter a village or a quarter wherein were many people, and would continue to slay them one after another, none daring to stretch forth his hand against this horseman†. Ibn al-Athir wrote a document about the exploits of ‘horsemen’ from China, specifically referring to the Mongols led by Genghis Khan. The document was written for those who are interested in knowing the nature or characteristics of Mongol invaders. The author specifically addresses the Muslims who were victimized by the cruelties of these conquerors. It seems that the author wants to rekindle the religious zeal of the Muslims who, historically, were insulted and slighted by the ‘bizarre’ religion of the Tatars: â€Å"As for their religion, they worship the sun when it rises, and regard nothing as unlawful, for they eat all beasts, even dogs, pigs, and the like†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The main point of the document is that the Tatars were obviously mighty conquerors, whose conquests should be admired by all, but were clearly ‘barbaric’, ‘profane’, and ‘savage’. The author described how these invaders inflicted sufferings in the lands they swept into. They were successful conquerors but the unspeakable horrors they perpetrated should cast them as savages in the eyes of God. The author enumerated the territories conquered by this invading horde and, at the same time, commenting about the