The Gospel of jesus Christ II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Gospel of jesus Christ II - Essay Example For them, the day of the Lord is the arrival of a divine political figure that could protect their country. For them, Jesus would not offer a Jewish Kingdom. According to (Kereszty 97) â€Å"The angry reaction shows that Jesus was indeed known as a normal â€Å"ordinary guy† among his townsfolk† Jews did not want a King who was not a political leader because they wanted a geographical liberation from Israelites enemy which Jesus could not offer. When the wise men asked about the whereabouts of the King to Herod he was surprised and questioned his authority. For Jews, the Kingdom of God would come from a divine political figure and accepting a person outside this realm was taken with confusion, fear and despise. According to Kerestzy, the love of Jesus is a forgiving one this means his forgiving nature even to the enemies. But this forgiving love can have terrible consequences as Jesus was tortured and crucified by Jews. 2. Christian theologians had different views when it came to Christ as the systematic theologians believed in explicit theology while the commentators were on the side of the implicit theology. This belief of theologians had been creating a conflict as both had differences in interpreting the values expressed by Jesus Christ. Explicit theology is the public nature of the religion as in how the church practiced its rituals, sermons, mission, values and doctrines. It is more outwardly and identifiable. However the implicit theology is much more subtle and looks at the underlying concept in a religion. However, Balthasmer had a logical attitude towards both explicit and implicit theology as he suggested one cannot chose one to be right and other to be wrong. He was of the opinion that one need to balance on the divine aspects as the general will of God is salvation. He says that, Scriptures and Church tradition of faith can assert the fate of humanity. As per ( Catcheism)

Ibn al-athir Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ibn al-athir - Essay Example The document was perhaps written in Mesopotamia since the Arab historian lived in Mosul, a place located in Northern Iraq. The document seems to be a narrative of secondhand information about the Tatars. The author had described the stories he heard about the atrocities of the Tatars. For instance, he stated â€Å"It is now time for us to describe how they first burst forth into the lands. Stories have been related to me, which the hearer can scarcely credit, as to the terror of the Tatars, which God Almighty cast into men’s hearts; so that it is said that a single one of them would enter a village or a quarter wherein were many people, and would continue to slay them one after another, none daring to stretch forth his hand against this horseman†. Ibn al-Athir wrote a document about the exploits of ‘horsemen’ from China, specifically referring to the Mongols led by Genghis Khan. The document was written for those who are interested in knowing the nature or characteristics of Mongol invaders. The author specifically addresses the Muslims who were victimized by the cruelties of these conquerors. It seems that the author wants to rekindle the religious zeal of the Muslims who, historically, were insulted and slighted by the ‘bizarre’ religion of the Tatars: â€Å"As for their religion, they worship the sun when it rises, and regard nothing as unlawful, for they eat all beasts, even dogs, pigs, and the like†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The main point of the document is that the Tatars were obviously mighty conquerors, whose conquests should be admired by all, but were clearly ‘barbaric’, ‘profane’, and ‘savage’. The author described how these invaders inflicted sufferings in the lands they swept into. They were successful conquerors but the unspeakable horrors they perpetrated should cast them as savages in the eyes of God. The author enumerated the territories conquered by this invading horde and, at the same time, commenting about the

Review Of Intensive Farming Systems

Review Of Intensive Farming Systems The intensive farming systems of developed countries, such as United Kingdom seek to maximize yield through what is usually described by agricultural economists as Best Management Practice (BMP), which involves the most efficient use of all inputs, including fertilizers, herbicides, seed varieties, and precision agricultural techniques (Goulding et al, 2008). (BMP) Fertilizers have been central to this approach, which has resulted in a tremendous increase in productivity over that last 40 years. For example, the efficient use of improved fertilizers, combined with new varieties of wheat and the successful use of crop protection chemicals, has increased grain yields from 3 tons per hectare to approximately 10 to 11 tons per hectare today (Goulding et al, 2008). Moreover the current market economic incentives facing many farmers are likely to encourage excess fertilizer application (Scott, 2005). It is generally recognized that if eventually the adoption of market prices for most agric ultural goods without any subsidies became a reality, in order to be competitive with the lower production costs of developing countries in South America, Asia, Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, the pressure to intensify even the most UNITED KINGDOM intensive production systems will as well become reality despite the negative consequences on the environment (Goulding et al, 2008). The purpose of this study is to examine the socio-economic determinants of intensity of fertiliser application in non-organic cropland farms in England using a panel data model (panel data). The quantitative and behavioural studies in agriculture are frequently based on the notion that the family business is managed by a single decision-maker the person who exerts the financial and managerial control over the farm unit (Morris and Evans, 2004). This perspective derives from neoclassical economies and implies that decisions for the business are taken by a single entrepreneur (War and Lowe, 1994). However this study differs from much previous research into the estimation and clarification of the technical drivers responsible for fertilizer application by including variables that relate to both farmer characteristics and farm economic aspects. It will be followed an argument commonly accept in the literature that farmers tend to over-apply fertilizer from an agronomic perspective (i.e. , more than warranted to attain a given yield target) essentially given the uncertainty about environmental growing conditions (Sheriff, 1995; Scott, 2005). (apply mainly N). Nonetheless the author will have in mind that the fertilizer inputs into agricultural systems in the UNITED KINGDOM occur mainly via Nitrogen (Velthof et al., 1998) with the general objective to reduce the probability of poor yields and moreover increase the variance in profit. However, given the emergent apprehension with the impact of agriculture on environment and society, there has been a growing need to develop a more comprehensive definition of agriculture productivity (Pretty, 1998; Defra, 2002). Although government policies will not be addressed or recommended specifically, the author hopes to open a new channel for discussion. As Annan (2005) argues it is imperative to aim at a reasonable balance between the level of technical detail and the availability of meaningful data describing future development of new and improved categories of abatement options. Consequently contributing to reach the 10per cent inorganic fertilizer reduction by 2020 with consequent reductions in N2O emissions (Entec, 2004), and moreover contribute to UNITED KINGDOM reach the overall national target of 80per cent GHG reduction by 2050(ADAS, 2009).(reduce emissions) Agriculture and fertilizer Agriculture is one of the most successful sectors in terms of productivity growth, has outpaced the rapid growth in demand for its output for the past decades (Shaink el al, 2002). (agri success). This trend has provided hefty social benefits, such as increased the accessibility of agricultural goods usually at a lower price, provision of jobs and therefore rural sustainability, energy and also positive environmental effects, such as aesthetic value, carbon sequestration by soils and trees, and other additional benefits that are linked with good husbandry such as maintenance of natural habitats and countryside landscape (Shaink et al,2002; Scott, 2005) (social benefits / positive extern). However, is largely referenced in literature that the increased use of chemicals either fertilisers or pesticides in agriculture intensive systems is associated with hidden costs due to environmental pollution in soil, water and atmosphere -, consequently has amplified the negative social effects o n the natural environment (eg. Shaink et al,2002; Scott,2005 ) (pollution1). This argument is supported by an analysis of the externalities from UNITED KINGDOM agriculture made by Hartridge and Pearce (2001), finding that negative externalities amount to at least  £1 billion, and positive externalities offset approximately half of these negative effects (negative/positive external). Farmers and fertilizer application The main question rises once more, what are the fertilizer application determinants? For a typical farm manager, output is what matters most to the business survival and prosperity. Consequently, farmers apply fertilisers since they represent personal benefits in the form of improved outputs and incomes, however plants absorb fertilisers just up to their needs only, therefore surplus fertiliser over and above the needs of plants can cause harmful side effects (Scott, 2005) either on the farm profit or in the environment. (more/less fert plant). A given agricultural input bundle might result in wide diverse output levels according to the level at which random factors operate (Gallacher, 2001) (input output). Rounsevell and Reay (2009) clarify the previous argument stating that land use and therefore fertilizer application changes are driven primarily by farmer decisions, which are affected by the economic environment (output and input prices), soil features, crop and livestock yields, timeliness of field operations, availability of investment capital, subsidies as well as the socio-cultural attributes of individual farmersThe first driver is clearly an agronomic argument, since agronomists agree that crop nutrient uptake is higher in years with good growing conditions (Babcock, 1992), therefore if a farmer applies the optimal amount of fertilizer for mean growing conditions, and in a particular year those conditions are better than expected, there will be too little fertilizer and decrease in production. On other hand if weather conditions are not conducive, there will be too much fertilizer (Sheriff, 2005), thus a risk-neutral farmer applies fertilizer at a higher rate as long as the expected gain in profit from the increased yield is higher than the expected loss in profit from wasted fertilizer. Another hypothesis is proposed by Rajsic and Weersink (2008). They argue that while there may be agreement on the functional form of crop response to fertilizer, there will be differences in the optimal rate between locations. Numerous studies have reported that the maximum economic nitrogen rate varies spatially and that the degree of variability can be substantial (Carr et al., 1991). As a consequence there is a need to analyze the spatial variations in order to state the yield potential of the field and/or region, the underlying assumption is that yield potential is directly linked to the productivity of nitrogen, so fields with higher estimated output receive higher rates of fertilizer (Rajsic and Weersink 2008). Dai et al (1993), however, found that nitrogen and soil quality are complements, and soil quality uncertainty and nitrogen availability are linked which will increase nitrogen demand and consequently nitrogen input. Additionally Rajsic (2008), Sheriff (2005) and also Dai el al (1993) argue that one of the main causes for over-fertilisation might be related to the uncertainty about weather and soil characteristics that can lead both risk-averse and risk-neutral farmers to over-apply nutrients, therefore the decision to apply a little extra just in case is particularly appropriate if the cost of over-application is low compared to the cost of under application (Rajsic, 2008) (a little extra risk averse). This idea is supported by Sherriff (2005), arguing that farmers will apply more fertilizer than a crop can use due to a perception that the general recommendations are not appropriate for their individual situations. Smill (1999) argues that the application of N is fairly inefficient in most farms, since farmers are applying nitrogen at levels that exceed those suggested by either government extension services or by the optimal nitrogen appliance (Rajsic and Weersink, 2008) (N inefficiency). Approximately half of Nitrogen applied during a growing sea son is typically recovered in the crop biomass throughout that season, therefore this inefficiency represents a noteworthy cost to farmers and an important consequences for ecosystem and human health as Nitrogen moves beyond the farm level in several aqueous or gaseous forms, such as N2O(Matson et al., 1997, 1998; Galloway, 1998). In practice evidence suggests that farmers systematically over-estimate the impact of additional nitrogen relative to agronomists models and therefore they maintain their beliefs after seeing results from experimental plots (SriRamaratnam et al., 1987). If farmers perceptions are incorrect, these beliefs will lead to over-application, conversely if their sensitivity is correct, analysts may infer excess nutrient applications where none exist. Thus if weather, the relation between fertiliser prices and output prices and soil features are not main and/or the only drivers behind fertiliser application, which characteristics does the farmer have to apply more or less fertiliser compared to those with the same features and constraints? The effect of fertilizers on the environment The relatively cheap price of Nitrogen in relation to its yield improvement benefits, and allowing farmers substantial management flexibility, has been a central contributory factor in determining its overuse and consequently the environmental impacts reported below. It is known that Agricultural emissions of nitrous oxide have fallen by 13 per cent over the 10 years up to 2005 and the trend is continuing (DEFRA, 2007).However despite this reduction in the UNITED KINGDOM and other major developed countries, the major direct emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are from agriculture methane (CH4) caused by enteric fermentation by ruminant livestock and manure management, and nitrous oxide (N2O) from soils (Gibbons, 2005). Additionally methane has a global warming potential 21 times greater than carbon dioxide while nitrous oxide global warming potential (GWP) is considered 296 times that of the same mass of carbon dioxide (Houghton et al., 2001), consequently fairly small concentrations of this gas are sufficient to induce drastic changes in the atmosphere. At current estimates N2O contributes about 7 per cent of the greenhouse gas emissions in terms of the GWP (Winiwarter, 2005). As a result, among the gases considered by the Kyoto Protocol, N2O i s ranked third in importance behind carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) (Winiwarter, 2005). Seinfeld and Pandis (1998) add that N2O is a very stable compound in the atmosphere, with a mean lifetime of 120 years, so the emissions will have an effect on the global concentrations in the atmosphere for many decades. The same authors argue that N2O is able to strongly absorb infrared light, thus it also exerts a considerable effect on the earths radiation absorption. Therefore is obvious the magnitude of nitrogen fertilization emissions has a dramatic effect on the environment. Approximately 1per cent of the anthropogenic Nitrogen input into agricultural systems is emitted as nitrous oxide, with agriculture as a whole contributing to 66per cent of total UNITED KINGDOM nitrous oxide emissions in 2006, 95per cent of it via direct emissions from agricultural soils (IPCC, 2006). In addition, fertiliser manufacturing is energy-intensive (Rounsevell and Reay, 2009). Carbon dioxide emissions from ammonia production most of which is for fertiliser use made up 0.3per cent (1.6 million tonnes) of UNITED KINGDOM CO2 emissions in 2006 (DEFRA, 2006). Nitrogenous fertiliser consumption in the UNITED KINGDOM increased by nearly 300 per cent between 1961 and the late 1980s, regardless of the decline in agricultural land area (roughly 15per cent in the same time interval) indicating a large increase in application rates per unit area of land over this period (Rounsevell and Reay, 2009). As stated previously, fertiliser Nitrogen consumption gradually declined after 1990, reaching a rate of around 1.2 million tonnes per year in 2006 (DEFRA, 2008). As Smil (2000, 2001) argues, Nitrogen (N) is a key input in agriculture, therefore we cannot simply exclude or limit the application of it to meaningless values. We should instead open a new channel of discussion in order to improve or formulate new policies in an enhanced cost-efficient way that decreases damaging effects on the environment and improves farms profits. This can only be achieved if each of determinants of fertilizer application are well understood. Project scope UNITED KINGDOM agricultural features UNITED KINGDOM land use is still largely dominated by agriculture. In June 2008 about 77 per cent of the total land area of the UNITED KINGDOM, which represents approximately 18.8 million hectares, was used for agriculture proposes (DEFRA, 2008). This proportion is relatively large compared with the average of 50 per cent in the EU27, and 54per cent, 47per cent and 50per cent for France, Germany and Spain, respectively (Angus et al, 2009). Despite these figures, agricultures contribution to GDP and employment in the UNITED KINGDOM is low, at about 0.5per cent and 1.8per cent respectively (DEFRA, 2009). Of this area, about 28 per cent is allocated to arable cropping, including fallow land, and 67 per cent to grassland, mostly permanent pastures, and 58 per cent (10.2 million hectares) is considered lowland, defined as land less than 240m above sea level. (Angus et al, 2009). In England due to patterns of agricultural land constraints relative to soils and topography features, the majo r concentration of grassland and livestock farming is located in the North and West, and arable farming in the East and South (Angus et al, 2009). Consequently, the largest farms in the UNITED KINGDOM are concentrated in southern and eastern England (Ward, 2000). The agricultural sector in the UNITED KINGDOM is composed of over 300,000 holdings, varying widely in size and type, employing an assortment of different farming practices and use of inputs such as soil and water as well as fertilizers, land and waste management (DEFRA, 2009). One common aspect among the major countries in the EU is that the farming population is getting older. Eurostat show in 2000 that in UNITED KINGDOM only 5.2 per cent of farmers were under 35 years old, compared to 7.4 percent in 1990. The absolute number of under 35s had fallen over the last decade by 6,000 which represents more than one third. Over the same period, the proportion of holders with 65 years old and over had risen from 22.1per cent to 25 .3per cent (DEFRA, 2007). Regarding the educational level, between 1990 and 2005 there has been almost no change to the overall proportions, roughly three quarters of farmers have no formal agricultural training, with the remaining 25per cent equally divided between the higher education levels (DEFRA, 2007). Another important point relates to the fact that 38per cent of managers of the largest farms have proper agricultural education compared to just 7 per cent on the smallest farms (DEFRA, 2007). Personal Characteristics effects on farm efficiency In modern agriculture there is an increasing need to produce policy evaluation studies in order to be acquainted with the major drivers behind the decisions made by farmers within a socio-demographic context. Numerous studies that have identified a significant variation in the physical and financial performance achieved by farmers operating within the same economic and environmental constraints (Wilson et al, 2001;Rougoor et al, 1998). Therefore, it is pertinent to inquire the reason why this variation occurs. Kay and Edwards (1994) argue that in many occasions the variation in management is the cause of performance fluctuation (farm management). However, unlike physical factors of production (e.g. land, labour, and capital) management is not directly observable, consequently this causes difficulties to any analysis that attempts to explain the management influence on farm performance. Rougoor et al. (1998) defined management capacity into two components: personal feature (e.g., drives, motivations, social factors and education) and features of the decision-making process (e.g., procedures in planning, implementation and control of decisions). Moreover, it is argued that the decision-maki ng process is obviously influenced by the link of the factors stated above, and if any of them is excluded the cause of farm efficiency variation might be incorrectly measured (Wallace, 1974; Kay and Edwards, 1994; Poggi-Varaldo, 1998;Rougoor et al, 1998; Wilson et al, 2001) . Rougoor et al. (1998) highlights the argument that a manager may hold beneficial personal skills however fails to accomplish high performance due to a poor decision-making process. Previous research made by Huffman (1974) found a positive impact of human capital on allocative efficiency in agriculture. In particular, these authors argued that education diminishes the time needed to adjust to changes in production options and/or price ratios. An additional factor that might explain the farm efficiency variation is the farmers age. Burton (2009) emphasises the strength of age as an indicator since age reflects the level of experience which might be a complement or even a substitute of education. In order to demonstrate the significance of education in this subject, Lockhead et al (1981) presented a detailed survey of studies analysing the effect of farmer education on farm management efficiency using the results from 37 data sets, investigating the effect of institutional education and non-formal education. They concluded that in 31 of these data sets, institutional education was found to have a positive and significant effect, and 8 of which provided evidence th at non-formal education was also significantly positively related to productivity. An additional reason for more efficient input and output combinations being attained by more educated farmers is given by Welch (1978) and further by Gallacher (2001), both arguing that optimum firm size is correlated with education as it relates to optimum scale of production, usually the higher education level obtained, the larger the size of the farm being managed. In this study, it will be exploit formal education as one of the explanatory causes in the possible efficiency dissimilarity between two or more farms with the same constraints, due to the difficulty in accurately measuring non-formal education. However, the author is conscious that the final outcome might be ambiguous since these two forms of education are usually complements (Lockhead, 1981; Mook, 1981; Asfaw, 2004). Data Source Farm Business Survey The FBS is widely recognised as the most comprehensive and independent survey of farm incomes and provides an authoritative data source on the economic and physical performance of farm businesses in England and Wales. It is undertaken each year by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and the National Assembly for Wales (NAW). In England, the survey is conducted by a consortium of seven FBS Research Centres Universities of Cambridge, Newcastle upon Tyne, Nottingham and Reading, and Askham Bryan, Duchy and Imperial Colleges, led by the University of Nottingham. Its members work in partnership, using uniform standard practices in reporting their findings to ensure consistent data quality, accuracy and validity. The principal function of the Farm Business Survey (FBS) is to inform the UNITED KINGDOM Government and EU agricultural policy makers of the current financial state of the different sectors of UNITED KINGDOM farming. The FBS also provides full management accounting data on the agricultural activities of farm businesses, location, physical and environmental characteristics of the farm and several measures of non-agricultural activity, such as farm household characteristics. The survey uses a sample of farms that is representative of the national population of farms in terms of farm type, farm size and regional location. Since 2005/06 approximately 2400 individual farms took part in this survey of which roughly 2000 are English (the rest being from Wales). Results are compiled using accredited documents and personal interviews and written up into Farm Business Survey yyyy/yy. .

Richard NIxon :: essays research papers

Richard Milhous Nixon, 37th president of the United States, was born January 9, 1913 in Yorba Linda, California. Nixon was one of the most controversial politicians. He used the communist scare of the late forties and early fifties to catapult his career, but as president he eased tension with the Soviet Union and opened relations with Red China. He was president during the civil rights movement and the Vietnam War. Nixon came from a southern-California Quaker family, where hard work was emphasized. A terrific student, he was invited by Harvard and Yale to apply for scholarships, but his older brother's illness and the Depression forced him to stay near home. He attended Whittier College, where he graduated second in his class in 1934. He went on to law school at Duke University. He graduated third in his class, and applied for jobs with both large Northeastern law firms and the FBI. His applications were all rejected, however, his mother helped get him a job at a friend's local law firm. At the outbreak of WWII, Nixon went to work for the tire rationing section the Office of Price Administration in Washington, DC. Eight months later, he joined the Navy and was sent to the Pacific as a supply officer. He was popular with his men, and such an accomplished poker player that he was able to send enough of his comrades money back home to help fund his first political campaign. After returning from the war, Nixon entered politics, answering a Republican party call in the newspaper for someone to run against the five-term Democratic Congressman, Jerry Voorhis. Nixon seemed the perfect man for the job, and he was welcomed generously by the California Republican party. The style of Nixon's first campaign set the tone for the early part of his political career, where he achieved fame as a devout anti-Communist. He accused Congressman Voorhis of being a communist. This sort of straightforward communist-bashing was new at the time. Nixon defeated Voorhis with sixty percent of the vote. Nixon later said "Of course I knew Jerry Voorhis wasn't a communist, but I had to win." Nixon became the junior member of the House Committee on un-American Activities. Nixon's pursuit of Alger Hiss, a former adviser to Franklin Roosevelt, gave him national exposure. Hiss had been accused of being a communist and of transmitting secret State Department documents to the Soviets.

Citizen Kane Breakfast Montage Essay

Abstract: While it is evident to the viewer that Charles and Emily’s marriage is falling apart during Citizen Kane’s breakfast montage, the mise-en-scene and technical devices used to reinforce this idea are less recognizable. The variation of the actors’ demeanors and placement, the progression of costumes, and the use of lighting subtly support the presentation of a deteriorating marriage, and furthermore, of Kane’s inability to sustain a successful, lasting relationship due to his career. The mise-en-scene and technical devices used in the montage are by no means limited to this portion of the film. In fact, they are found in numerous scenes throughout the movie to reveal other relationships that have fallen apart as a result of Kane’s profession, such as his friendship with Jed Leland and romance with Susan Alexander. The actors’ attitudes in each sequence in the montage and their placement in relation to one another are each examples of the mise-en-scene portraying Charles and Emily’s feelings toward each other as time passes in their marriage. The introduction to the montage shows the viewer two individuals playfully flirting after a long night of parties. Charles even plays the role of a butler as he serves his wife. Emily on the other hand, giggles and smiles as she begs her husband to stay home with her a little longer before he goes to work. As each successive sequence passes, Emily becomes reprimanding as her husband begins to spend more time at work, scornful when he insists on putting Mr. Bernstein’s gift in the nursery and when he insults the president in his newspaper, and eventually sad as she sits at a silent breakfast table reading the rival newspaper of her husband’s. Charles tone of voice evolves from flirtatious in the opening sequence, to powerful and controlling as his paper starts to become more successful, to critical when his wife starts to question his authority and literary topics, to demanding as he tells Emily â€Å"people will think what I want them to think.† This last controlling statement reflects a later scene, where a drunk Jed Leland writes a truthful article about Susan Alexander’s terrible opera performance. Kane and Leland initially wrote a declaration of principles stating that the newspaper would always bring the people honest news. To advance his career, Kane stepped away from that principle and only showed the people what he wanted them to see. The difference between Leland wanting to be an honest reporter and Kane wanting to become a successful businessman, no matter what the cost, destroyed the men’s friendship. Not only do Charles and Emily’s tone of voice change with each successive sequence, but the length of conversations and the distance between the couple also change by becoming shorter and more distanced. The first sequence is a long, flirtatious banter consisting of talk about parties and Emily’s beauty with little talk of the newspaper between the married couple sitting next to each other. Each progressive breakfast has a shorter conversation dominated by talk of the newspaper as opposed to the couple’s relationship. After the first breakfast, Emily and Charles sit on opposite sides of the table, a physical demonstration of how the newspaper is creating distance between husband and wife. A similar example of evolved physical distance can be seen in the later romance between Charles and Susan Alexander. A prime illustration of this is the scene where Susan is putting together a puzzle on one side of the massive living room in Xanadu and Charles is standing at the other end. When Charles and Susan started seeing each other, they were more often than not close in proximity. Susan was an asset for the Inquirer during her opera career, where Kane would have great reviews written about her performances, despite the fact that they violated his â€Å"Declaration of Principles.† Huge audiences were brought to his newly built opera house, thus making his name more popular. However, once the second Mrs. Kane ended her career as an opera singer and was no longer useful to the newspaper, Charles began to separate himself from her. The progression of Emily and Charles’ physical appearance- from striking clothing, hair, and general upkeep to neither husband nor wife trying to impress their significant other with their physical presentation- is another example of mise-en-scene exhibi ting the failing of the relationship. Emily’s first outfit is a frilly, skin-exposing dress that was worn during an evening out. Her hair is in an intricate, pretty up do and her makeup lightly done, but her skin still youthful without blemishes or wrinkles. Each following sequence has Emily wearing a dress that shows less skin and is more proper, her hair worn increasingly more carelessly, and her face showing more wrinkles and looking less youthful with a sad expression. Charles follows a similar pattern in the way his dress evolves. He initially wears a suit meant for a party and looks handsome with his hair slicked back and almost no sign of age on his face. However, he starts wearing robes to breakfast with unkempt hair, not looking to impress his wife. A few sequences in, we start seeing Charles back in a suit, but with increased amounts of age lines visible on his face, indicating that he is spending more time and energy at work, and he is either coming home from work around breakfast time or leaving immediately after breakfast to tend to the Inquirer. While the clothing choices of each character reflects the decreasing effort to please each other, the wrinkles on each characters face shows how both the relationship and the newspaper are starting to perturb both husband and wife. Both key lighting and fill lighting contribute to the montage by depicting the time of each day and the presentation of the actors’ faces. The key light is a parallel in every sequence of the montage. It always comes from the back window and portrays that it is the same time of day in each sequence. The corresponding unvarying time of day paired with the evolving conversations and attire described earlier create a feeling that the act of having breakfast together has become routine and a burden as opposed to romantic for the couple. While the key light is unchanged throughout the montage, the fill light on each actors face changes in each sequence to assist in the idea that time is passing. A large amount of fill light is used at the outset of the montage, giving a youthful, blemish-less look to the faces of Charles and Emily. However, the fill light becomes less prominent in each successive sequence, giving Charles an intensifying harshness on his face with more age lines and Emily more dramatic shadows along her cheekbones and eyes, making her appear to be tired and sad. Acting, costumes, and lighting are all devices used throughout Citizen Kane to demonstrate failing relationships between Kane and some of the closest individuals in his life, including Emily, Jed Leland, and Susan Alexander. Nevertheless, the breakfast montage effectively applies both mise-en-scene and technical devices to display the first broken relationship caused by Charles Kane’s passion for the Inquirer.

Industry Analysis for the Airline Industry

An Industry in which I have a potential future interest for an entrepreneurial venture is the ever changing airline industry. Although facing tough numbers after the 9/11 attacks, I have always held an interest for this industry. There are several basic economic characteristics for this industry. There are many opportunities, there are also many threats. The airline industry was heavily regulated by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) for close to 40 years. Eventually, Congress abandoned airline price and service regulation and disbanded the CAB.Since deregulation the airline industry has becoming increasingly competitive. This industry is also very large and important to the travel and tourism industry. This industry is also very important in developing new business strategies amongst different industries. Before working with any industry, you should take steps to analyze it. The two basic types of aviation are commercial aviation and general aviation. General aviation deals with oper ating you aircraft more for internal purposes. Commercial deals more with carrying passengers or cargo for hire.The scheduled airline industry is more of commercial aviation. The first scheduled airline service started in the 1920's. There have been a lot of eventful history in this industry including periods of rapid growth and prosperity, rapid technological change, federal regulation of prices and routes, entry and exits of firms, bankruptcies, rivalries, financial losses, and problems in safety and security. However, the industry had become one of the most important factors of today's transportation infrastructure.The table below displays how much the industry has grown over the years. Table 7. 1: Annual U. S. Passenger Enplanements by Scheduled Airlines, 1930-2004 (millions of persons) Source: Air Transport Association, Annual Operations, Traffic and Capacity, www. airlines. org/econ/d. aspx? nid=1032 There are many rivalries in the air line industry. The Federal Aviation Admin istration (FAA) divides the firms in the airline industry into three categories. Group 3 consists of airlines that gain at least $1 billion in annual revenue.National, or Group 2, are those who gain between $100 million and $1 billion in annual revenue. The last group is Regional, or Group 1, which gains less than $100 million in annual revenue. In Group 3, United, American, and Delta holds the top 3 spots in revenue, revenue passenger miles, and available seat miles. Porter's five forces is by far the most influential in business strategy. It analyzes business segments and developing entry/exit/investment plans. Below is a model of Porter's five forces for American Airlines, one of the most dominant companies of the airline industry.

Sir Robert Peel Essay Example

Sir Robert Peel Essay Example Sir Robert Peel Essay Sir Robert Peel Essay Sir Robert Peel Paper Sir Robert Peel, Britain’s home secretary felt that preventing crimes and reforming criminals would have a more positive effect on society rather than punishing them (Williams) 2003. This research paper will describe how policing was handled in the early centuries as opposed to policing in America today. This research paper will explain the impact that Sir Robert Peel had on American policing. In the early centuries criminals were punished quite differently. Up until the last two hundred years most societies relied upon citizens and communities to ensure that laws were upheld and criminals apprehended (Grant) 2008. When crimes were committed citizens and communities usually took the law in their own hands and decided what the punishment would be. According to Grant (2008), within early societies justice was typically an individual matter. As time went on different laws were passed to establish a more ordered justice system. The Code of Hammurabi and Vigiles were established as society became more complicated. The Code of Hammurabi took the power of punishment out of individual’s hands and made the law more consistent. Vigiles were used to keep the peace and investigate crimes. Different organizations were formed to help enforce the law. Shires, tithings, shire reeves, constables and posses were all systems of the law. These establishments were just the beginning of trying to develop a well organized justice system. After many years of trying to establish a system to help prevent criminal acts, there was still not a successful law enforcement act put in to place until the 1800’s. According to Grant (2008), Sir Robert Peel established London Metropolitan Police and eventually passed the London Metropolitan Act 1829 which provided funds for development of policing. Sir Robert Peel developed a set of principles that police officers should abide by that are still relevant intoday’s society. According to Grant (2008), these are the nine principles: (1) the basic mission for whom the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder; 2) the ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions; their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions; (3) police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public; (4) the degree of cooperation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionally to he necessity of the secured diminishes proportionally to the necessity of the use of physical force; (5) police seek and preserve public favor not by catering to public opinion, but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law; 6) police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient; (7) police, at all times, should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the police; the police being only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence; (8) police should always direct their action strictly towardstheir functions and never appear to usurp the powers of the judiciary; (9) the test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with it. These principles are still being used in law enforcement today. Because of the Metropolitan Act and the nine principles that were established by Sir Robert Peel, law enforcers are easily recognized and respected. The principles make sure that law enforcers serve the citizens and communities to the best of their abilityFinally we understand the impact of Sir Robert Peel on American policing and its history. Sir Robert Peel’s main focus was to establish a system that would work for citizens as well as police. His principles are used by law enforcement in society. Sir Robert Peel established order within the justice system and made it easy for the public to cooperate when solving crimes. today’s

Examples of Z-score Calculations

Examples of Z-score Calculations One type of problem that is typical in an introductory statistics course is to find the z-score for some value of a normally distributed variable. After providing the rationale for this, we will see several examples of performing this type of calculation. Reason for Z-scores There are an infinite number of normal distributions. There is a single standard normal distribution. The goal of calculating a z - score is to relate a particular normal distribution to the standard normal distribution. The standard normal distribution has been well-studied, and there are tables that provide areas underneath the curve, which we can then use for applications. Due to this universal use of the standard normal distribution, it becomes a worthwhile endeavor to standardize a normal variable. All that this z-score means is the number of standard deviations that we are away from the mean of our distribution. Formula The formula that we will use is as follows: z (x - ÃŽ ¼)/ ÏÆ' The description of each part of the formula is: x is the value of our variableÃŽ ¼ is the value of our population mean.ÏÆ'Â  is the value of the population standard deviation.z is the z-score. Â   Examples Now we will consider several examples that illustrate the use of the z-score formula. Suppose that we know about a population of a particular breed of cats having weights that are normally distributed. Furthermore, suppose we know that the mean of the distribution is 10 pounds and the standard deviation is 2 pounds. Consider the following questions: What is the z-score for 13 pounds?What is the z-score for 6 pounds?How many pounds corresponds to a z-score of 1.25? Â   For the first question, we simply plug x 13 into our z-score formula. The result is: (13 – 10)/2 1.5 This means that 13 is one and a half standard deviations above the mean. The second question is similar. Simply plug x 6 into our formula. The result for this is: (6 – 10)/2 -2 The interpretation of this is that 6 is two standard deviations below the mean. For the last question, we now know our z -score. For this problem we plug z 1.25 into the formula and use algebra to solve for x: 1.25 (x – 10)/2 Multiply both sides by 2: 2.5 (x – 10) Add 10 to both sides: 12.5 x And so we see that 12.5 pounds corresponds to a z-score of 1.25.

Medieval Gift Ideas

Medieval Gift Ideas Guide note: This feature was originally posted in December of 1997, and was updated in December of 2010. If youre looking for that special gift for a medieval history buff or if you like medieval history and you want to share it with your friends perhaps this page can help. Below are a few gift ideas that can bring a little medieval charm to todays holiday season. Gift projects are reasonable in cost, and if you start soon you can have them finished by December 24th. Or, take a lesson from medieval times and give your gifts on Twelfth Night January 6th. The Artistic Touch Do you enjoy crafts-work? Are you good with a needle? Then perhaps youd like to make a gift for that special someone. Candles Candle-making was an ability that many medieval men and women were likely to know. If you know how to make candles or would like to try your hand at this rewarding craft, you may wish to stick to beeswax (instead of paraffin, which wasnt used until the 19th century, or tallow, which is difficult to work with) and make hand-dipped candles in order to keep the project medieval. Beeswax has a lovely fresh odor and does not require the addition of any scents, but it can be expensive. Whether you are new to candle-making or a practiced hand, please be sure to take all safety precautions. Clothing You may wish to create a medieval costume even if you dont belong to a reenactment group, it will look splendid at a masquerade or Renaissance fair. For a really authentic look, embroider the work using period embroidery techniques and period designs, or enhance it with hand-woven braids. If an entire costume isnt up your alley, you can use these techniques on something as simple as a cape or a scarf. Calligraphy If youre practiced in the art of calligraphy, try inscribing a medieval or Renaissance poem (or a verse from an epic) on parchment-style paper (real parchment can be very expensive). Shakespeare is always a hit, particularly his sonnets. Food, Glorious Food Thinking of a special holiday dinner? Try some medieval recipes. And forget that fruitcake go with a few medieval desserts instead. Gingerbread Cake is a period Christmas food, and Shortbreads are not only period but easy to present in a canister or, for a more authentic package, in a basket. If the recipient of your gift likes to cook as well, include the recipe hand calligraphed on parchment paper, rolled into a scroll and tied with a ribbon.   The Medieval Touch Whatever gift you choose to give, you can add a little medieval charm with a hand-calligraphed gift-tag (try parchment-look paper) or by wrapping the gift in fabric instead of paper (which was not really a disposable product in the middle ages). Decorate with fabric ribbons, dried flowers, berries, or pine cones. A personalized, hand-calligraphed bookmark with a holiday message is a great accompaniment to a book. Many of the customs we observe today began in the middle ages. For more about medieval Christmas, please see Medieval Christmas Traditions.

Higher Government Spending Must be Good for Growth Essay

Higher Government Spending Must be Good for Growth - Essay Example That’s why this issue regarding government spending is important, if it’s not done properly, the country might face a serious financial crisis. Types of Government Spending There are numerous sources that enable the government to undertake such a big task. It has to get sufficient amount of funds to be invested for economy’s growth. Some of the areas for Government Spending can be Transfer Payments, Investment, Subsidies and Grants etc. (Alexiou and Anastasiadis 12) Transfer Payments are those unrequited payments as no such money is asked for as an exchange when this payment is made. After setting social welfare programs, Governments redistribute income among the deserving people, and these transfer payments are used to provide these incomes. Subsidies given by the government body should not be mixed with these specific payments given. With sound stewardship, along with a high degree of accountability, transparency and integrity, these transfer payments are manag ed by government (Weinbach and Paul 344). ... Another source for government/public spending is ‘Subsidies and Grants’. Government take out a certain proportion from the capital reserves (money collected from taxes or other financial sources) they already have and then spend a certain amount of this money for the welfare and betterment of the society. Usually, these subsidies and grants are used to industrialize a state and encourage business owners to continue their business and economic activities (Nijkamp and Poot 124). Another source for Government spending can be ‘investment’. Investment is the foundation of Economic Growth and increases standard of living in the long run. Investments in human capital, education, labor skills and training, investment in physical capital, infrastructure and lastly investment in innovation, these all types of investments enables the economy to increase its growth and use its resources in the best possible way. Many of the high-income countries exist due to the presenc e of infrastructure in the country and this is mainly due to the investment that takes place (Wahab 135) Potential Benefits Governments make use of numerous grants and subsidies to support employment in the country, either by subsidizing private companies or by providing employment guarantees to the workers. Government procurement has been extensively used from past many years to require ‘fair wages’ from private contractors. In addition to this, government spending on social security benefits produces extra demand, because it gives greater purchasing and spending power to the citizens who would otherwise have very low real incomes and thus, this extra spending power

Red Ball Express Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Red Ball Express - Research Paper Example In comparison to such scenarios of war from the past, the modern way of warfare is quite different in terms of dimension and pace. In today’s time, due to automated and mechanized forces, long distances can be crossed at a velocity that could previously not be perceived by the best war leaders of the old era. With the invention of automated and mechanized armed forces, expedite transportation became possible. However, along with this speed of transportation, a new requirement developed. Inventing new, highly capable fuels in abundant amounts was now required to sufficiently maintain and run these engines of mechanized war equipment. Further comparison of the ancient times of warfare to the modern day situation illustrates that previously the armies had to keep sufficient supplies of goods like barley, hay and oats for the long distances that had to be covered. This has now been replaced by the need to ensure supply of energy sources like petroleum, oil and other lubricants, PO L, which constitutes the ‘modern-day’ need of the United States army. The older techniques of warfare started to fade and the army started the usage of vehicles and trucks in warfare since the year 1911. The Red Ball Express was a creation during the period of the Second World War for the management of the supplies during the war. There were many underlying reasons that led to the formation of the Red Ball Express and then to its discontinuation (Anders 2011). In the year 1918, on November 15th, the Third Army was formed and because of its efficient working and success in its operations, it was given the authority of handling the functioning and working of the Red Ball Express. They had the power to control the posting of the units of the Red Ball Express according to their decisions. Following its formation, the Third Army was given a high command with regard to all the army decisions during the periods of wars. The Third Army played an active role in the Second World War; it trained armed forces for the purpose of the war. Its success was indicated by the victory of the army against the Nazis of Germany (Province 2011). The Third Army was inactivated from duties of war and the army was given administrative duties in the year 1947. It was completely abolished in the year 1973. However, an insight of history shows that on 3rd December, 1982, an official function was done at Fort McPherson to officially announce the same status of the Third Army as before. Third U.S. Army was activated again. The army was to be regulated by Lt. Gen. M. Collier Ross. High profile army personnel were present at the occasion (Pike 2011). Keeping in mind the overall aspects that gave birth to mechanized and fast paced wars, it can be said that World War II was the first war which utilized all the technological innovations and modern warfare techniques. Due to exceptionally high consumption of POL, throughout the war the demand remained sky high in most of the countries of the world. TORCH, an operation that initiated in North Africa was a very small scale project but still its requirements of fuel were as high as ten million gallons. â€Å"Blitz†, which was basically a 5 gallon container, was manufactured by Allied logistics, and these were brought to use. Not only this, a number of oil tankers, trucks and pipelines that carried oil were utilized to meet the increasing oil demands. These preparations were basically for the

Literature Review Are Wound Vacuum Devices Healing Wounds Essay

Literature Review Are Wound Vacuum Devices Healing Wounds - Essay Example VAC was even compared with the traditional WM dressing method and proved to heal better. This only proves that VAC is indeed a promising and faster way to heal wounds. The main purpose of this research is to look through the new way of wound healing. In the United States, over 2.8 million patients have chronic wounds and treatments cost billions of dollars per year. Wound healing is a complex process which starts with removal of debris, control of infection, clearance of inflammation, angiogenesis, deposition of granulation tissue, contraction, remodeling of the connective tissue matrix and maturation. This sequence of events should be undergone by the wound for proper healing whilst if it fails to undergo these events, a chronic open wound without anatomical or functional integrity results (Joseph, 2008). Chronic wounds should be healed at a faster rate in order to decrease hospitalization days and thereby reduce costs. A product which delivers improved healing process could help in decreasing infection, amputation and length of hospital stay thus entails potential annual savings for healthcare cost. The introduction of vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) which utilizes subatmospheric technique may be the answer in this medical challenge. In VAC, placing an open-cell foam dressing is involved. It is placed into the wound cavity and controlled subatmospheric pressure is applied. The technique was observed to remove chronic edema which increases local blood flow and enhanced formation of granulation tissue (Joseph, 2008). VAC applies negative pressure to wounds hence fluid is removed and growth of granulation tissue is stimulated. Acute, subacute and chronic wounds may be applied with VAC. Argenta, et al. have previously described the use of the VAC device to enhance healing and promote closure of a variety of open wounds FDA cleared VAC for clinical use. Frequent dressing changes which required when using WM, could be lessen by using VAC which requires dressing changes only every 48 hours (Joseph, 2008). Review of the Literature Senchenkov et al. (2007) conducted a study on the use of vacuum assisted closure (VAC) dressing for irradiated wounds. This study aimed to examine the outcomes of split-thickness skin grafts (STSG) secured by VAC during the early part of the postoperative period. Reviews were done on the records of 17 preoperatively radiated patients with extremity sarcomas that was reconstructed with STSGs combined with VAC to assess the efficiency of VAC in this purpose. Through January 1997 and December 2005, there have been 19 patients identified to base on their records to have undergone STSG reconstruction of irradiated extremity defects with VAC. These patients had soft tissue sarcomas. External beam radiation was used to treat the tumor bed and added with intraoperative radiation or brachytherapy. This was done before skin was grafted. Two of these patients however were excluded in the study because one had necrosis of the underlying irradiate muscle flaps while the other had 40% skin graft placed with epidermis which faced the recipients bed. This left 17 patients (9 men and 8 women, age 42 to 82, mean 65) to be

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal statement - Essay Example My short-term plan is to get an Associate degree in accounting to gain new knowledge and refine my existing accounting skills and knowledge. My long-term goal is to start my own business where I can use my professional accounting skills and knowledge to achieve success. My aim is to become an invaluable part of the development and economic progress of my native country, Cambodia. I want to play a key role in the economic development of my country by running a successful business. An advanced knowledge of accounting and related subjects would be helpful for me as an entrepreneur to ensure and achieve business success in the present fluctuating economy of my country. I am of the viewpoint that economic status and educational opportunity go side by side in ensuring quick personal and professional progress and achievement. This is the reason for me to get a degree in the field of professional accounting. This degree would help me in acquiring key accounting skills and knowledge, as well as in running a successful business. I have had some working experience that proved to be very helpful for me to understand the value of the practical professional life. For example, I have recently worked in a local TV station broadcast in Long Beach, which is called Khmer TV. I worked there as an interpreter and gained experience of managing the office work. This working experience has improved my English language skills and has allowed me to become more socialized and able to do successful communication with other people. At present, I am also working part time for a local retail business, namely Bigfish Tackle, in Seal Beach California as a salesperson. My duty is to contact with the customers all the time and make successful deals with them related to the sale of the company’s products. Both of these practical experiences have helped me in developing professionally. I have come to know the ways to run a

Constitutional Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Constitutional Law - Essay Example In this case, The Supreme court ruled that the search was constitutional since the object of the search was the probable existence of contraband in the vehicle. The major dissenting argument to this case came from the Robbins v. California (453 U.S. 420) case since an earlier court had ruled that searching contents of a bag within a vehicle was unconstitutional. Moreover, another judge argued that probable cause should not be determined by the police officer searching the vehicle but by an impartial judge or magistrate (Gardner, 2009). The judge cited the facts as seen in the Johnson v. United States, Giordenello v. United States and Shadwick v. City of Tampa 407 U.S. 345 cases. The US v Ross case is different from the California v Acevedo case of 1991 since in this case the police suspected that Acevedo was carrying a bag that contained Marijuana out of an apartment. In court, the defendant’s lawyers argued that the automobile exception did not apply to the contents of the bag and wanted the evidence expunged from the case. Justice Harry Blackmun ruled that the Marijuana could be adduced as evidence in the case since the police had probable cause to suspect the bag contained contraband. However, Justices White, Stevens, and Marshall dissented arguing that the police only suspected that the bag contained Marijuana and thus the object of the case was not met (Gardner, 2009). Their argument was based on the facts obtained from the Robbins v. California (453 U.S. 420) case where searching a bag was unconstitutional since it doe met the objective of the search which is probable cause of suspecting contraband in an automobile. The case of Wyoming v. Houghton was based on the search of a bag belonging to a passenger when a police officer stopped a vehicle driven by a drug user. In this case, the officer had the right to conduct a warrantless search based on the probable cause that the vehicle contained contraband. The court based in Wyoming

THE LABOR MARKET Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

THE LABOR MARKET - Essay Example No individual firm can influence the wages of labor, and neither can labor unions, whose primary role is to fight for better work conditions and better pay for its members. In the short-run, the curve for labor demand is not flexible and is steep because, in a short time, firms do not get the adequate opportunity to respond to rapid changes in the market (Flinn, 2010). But in the long-run, this curve is flexible and flat since firms can adjust their schedules and processes to meet market changes. In a competitive market, a company will only hire some workers whose marginal benefit in productivity is the same as the marginal cost of labor. The company will only employ the number of employees it will be able to afford at the wage rate set by the market. When a firm uses cheaper substitutes of labor, like machines, the demand for labor will decrease. If these tools are readily available, more efficient than manual labor, and the cost of employing labor substitutes is less than the marginal cost of labor, firms will demand less of labor. Availability of labor alternatives is being enhanced by rapid changes in technology, which produces equipment and machinery that can easily replace human labor. Another factor that would lead to a decrease in the demand for labor is a change in the number of firms in a particular industry. When there are numerous barriers to entry into an industry, the firms there will be few, and demand for labor will not increase when all other factors are held constant. Where there are few or no barriers to entry, an industry becomes very competitive so that firms can easily enter and trade. An increase in firms increases the demand for labor since human capital is needed to run these new companies. If the market price of the product or service a company produces increases, the demand for labor will increase in the short-run and reduce in the long-run. When the prices rise, sales will yield

Constitutional Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Constitutional Law - Essay Example In this case, The Supreme court ruled that the search was constitutional since the object of the search was the probable existence of contraband in the vehicle. The major dissenting argument to this case came from the Robbins v. California (453 U.S. 420) case since an earlier court had ruled that searching contents of a bag within a vehicle was unconstitutional. Moreover, another judge argued that probable cause should not be determined by the police officer searching the vehicle but by an impartial judge or magistrate (Gardner, 2009). The judge cited the facts as seen in the Johnson v. United States, Giordenello v. United States and Shadwick v. City of Tampa 407 U.S. 345 cases. The US v Ross case is different from the California v Acevedo case of 1991 since in this case the police suspected that Acevedo was carrying a bag that contained Marijuana out of an apartment. In court, the defendant’s lawyers argued that the automobile exception did not apply to the contents of the bag and wanted the evidence expunged from the case. Justice Harry Blackmun ruled that the Marijuana could be adduced as evidence in the case since the police had probable cause to suspect the bag contained contraband. However, Justices White, Stevens, and Marshall dissented arguing that the police only suspected that the bag contained Marijuana and thus the object of the case was not met (Gardner, 2009). Their argument was based on the facts obtained from the Robbins v. California (453 U.S. 420) case where searching a bag was unconstitutional since it doe met the objective of the search which is probable cause of suspecting contraband in an automobile. The case of Wyoming v. Houghton was based on the search of a bag belonging to a passenger when a police officer stopped a vehicle driven by a drug user. In this case, the officer had the right to conduct a warrantless search based on the probable cause that the vehicle contained contraband. The court based in Wyoming

The Process of Settlement in Qatar Essay Example for Free

The Process of Settlement in Qatar Essay Introduction Thesis Statement The settlement events that took place between Qatar and two nations (Bahrain and Saudi Arabia) had causes significant modifications, such as economic boost and individualism decline, in the modern day settlement conditions of Qatar.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the rich history of Qatar dating from 1766 up to the present, the territorial settlement within the area had originated to different areas and had progressed through different events and policy agreements. From the ancient times, prior to the official settlement of Qatar, the physical characteristics of the area comprise of a dry interior with no formal occupants but rather nomadic tribes. However, the arrival of the Bani Utub had caused the emergence of the Qatar settlement. During the initial phases of Qatar settlements, the rough start had always been present due to commotions and familial conflicts that sometimes lead to the reduction of their small population[1]. The segments of the Bani Utub clan in Kuwait, the al-Khalifa and al-Jalahima, left Kuwait for Zubara, on Qatar’s western coast, where they established the Qatar settlement[2]. This perspective had been considered as far as the ancient times; however, the rally and the cradle of new civilization had formed the new issues on Qatar settlements together with Saudi Arabia that significantly affected the economic and societal stand of the country. It was during the 19th century when the first issue on Qatar and Saudi Arabian settlements had broken out considering the border settings of the country. The settlement argument of Qatar had also reached the attention of different areas, such as Bahrain, Egypt, etc. The process of settlement of Qatar’s land had caused significant impact within the society especially on economic and social conditions. In this study, the primary aim is to determine the process of settlement that has been present in Qatar. The study also gives emphasis on the effects of this settlement issues in the modern conditions of Qatar today. Discussion Settlement in Qatar   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Historically, Qatar was one of the sovereign states that possessed its own control over the manipulation of its state management. The borders comprised the midway of the Western coast of the Arabian Gulf from which the Qatar society had main obtained their living in the line of fishing industry. However, the boundary lines of Qatar coincided to Arabian Gulf, specifically with Saudi Arabia and Bahrain’s maritime boundaries. Qatar scope of settlements also included other Arab countries, such as the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Iranian territories[3]. Measuring the Qatari settlements, the arid desert and dry climate of Qatar had extended over the Peninsula, which were about two hundred kilometers long and hundred Kilometers wide with an area coverage totaling to 11850 square Kilometers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the historical perspective of Qatar, the modern rule occurred during the early 18th century wherein Al-Thani family of Qatar, which was considered as the dominate family of the tribal settlement that was from the lineage of Al-Maadhid (part of the Bani Tamim hierarchy ) tribe of Ushaiqir in the province of Al-Washm of Nejd, came to the settlements of Qatar[4]. From the early settlement of the family, Al-Thani decided to explore and relocate their settlements to Zubara, Ruwais and Fuwairat during the start of middle 18th century; hence, triggering the trend of Qatar’s modern settlements. The history of Qatar’s union with Bahrain as a dependent country during the time of Muhammad bin Thani’s dynasty (1868-1876). This pact was continued by the Al Khalifah during their settlement in Zubarah, which lies on the west coast of the Qatar peninsula[5]. From here on, the issues of settlements with Qatar and other nearby countries, which had originated with the early leaders of their land, had ignited to form border concerns and territorial arguments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With the entrance of 21st century, the Al Thani ruling family of Qatar had significantly battling against the Al Khalifa claim to the old settlement area, which had been under Qatari’s territorial rights[6]. In 1994, the issue on Qatar settlement with Bahrain and Saudi Arabia had reached the International Court of Justice (ICJ) wherein the office had to consider the legal effects of a double exchange of letters between these countries. The ICJ allocated sovereignty over Zubarah, Janan Island and the low-tide elevation of Fasht ad Dibal to Qatar. On the other hand, Bahrain was granted sovereignty over the Hawar Islands and the island of Qit’at Jaradah. From this point, the maritime disputes between Bahrain and Qatar had been settled with the delimitation from a point centrally in the Gulf of Bahrain, but not exceeding the boundary line with Saudi Arabia[7]. According to Aust (2000), Saudi Arabia, having agreed to use its good offices to help solve certain territorial disputes between the other two states sent each of them letters in identical terms proposing certain settlement procedures[8]. From that point, no significant tensions had occurred between Saudi Arabia and the demarcation of Qatar’s borders; although, it left significant conflict against Iran and other nearby countries, such as Kuwait and Yemen. With the advent of Qatar merging its borders with Saudi Arabia, significant changes occurred in its economy and society, such as the expansion of oil market under Saudi Arabian supervision across the world market, etc. Social and Economic Changes in Qatar   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The effects of the settlement issues in Qatar did somehow caused disruption in the economic and society; however, the country was still able to adapt and maintain the conditions of their land. According to Rice, from the later period in Qatar, during the time when the Gulf was the main artery of world trade and the settlements on eastern coast of Arabia became cities of the great commercial importance, are almost very barren, with no evidence yet discovered continuous occupations[9]. However, even with the unfavorable conditions of Qatar, they were still able to promote economic and societal growth in their area that resulted to the development of their country. In one scenario, the merging of Qatar to Saudi Arabian settlement after signing the General Agreement of Participation, as the modern course of their system, significantly boosted the oil market of Qatar towards the World Market[10]. Most significantly, Qatar is well known for its oil production and market across the world market of oil. The participation of Qatar with Saudi Arabia came in the progress of development and modernization of their country. Qatar had experienced significant economic boost through the wide exports of oil and other commodities. The decision of the government to merge their lands with Saudi Arabia had significantly triggered the open of Qatar trade and market in an international scope. However, the Qatar settlement, specifically on the Hawar Islands and the island of Qit’at Jaradah, was claimed by Bahrain after a long argument. This was decided upon by the IJC, which rendered their appeal in vain; however, they were granted with the other part of the territory that they were fighting for, which were the Zubarah, Janan Island and the low-tide elevation of Fasht ad Dibal to Qatar. This territorial allocation had greatly affected the society through the expansion of possible trade market that can provide significant boost in the welfare of the society Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the study, the settlement of Qatar had originated form the family of Al-Thani, which later on dominated the social trends and political management of their land. The historical process of Qatar’s settlement had long been frustrated by the arguments and claims of Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. The ICJ had provided its jurisdiction of granting parts of Qatar islands to Bahrain while retaining Zubarah, Janan Island and Fasht ad Dibal to Qatar, which somehow resolved the conflict between the two warring countries. On the other hand, the settlement issues with Saudi Arabia had provided caused the merging of territorial affinities through in the perspective of trades and industries, and one of these was the oil participation of Qatar under the General Agreement of Participation. The settlement issues of Qatar had caused significant pros and cons in the society and economy. The pros concerned with the advancement of their trade and industry giving the Qatari society an open opportunity for oil transport and international trade market. However, the cons was the lost of parts of their islands and the reduction of their economic individualism as per their participation with Saudi Arabia. Works Cited Anderson, Ewan W. nternational Boundaries: A Geopolitical Atlas. Routledge, 2003. Aust, Anthony. Modern Treaty Law and Practice. Cambridge University Press, 2000. Bahl, Taru. Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World. Anmol Publications PVT Ltd, 2004. Crystal, Jill. Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar. Cambridge University Press, 1995. Parra, Francisco. Oil Politics: A Modern History of Petroleum. I.B.Tauris, 2003. Rice, Michael. The Archaeology of the Arabian Gulf. Routledge, 1994. Zahlan, Rosemarie. The Making of the Modern Gulf States: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the U.A.E. Routledge, 1989. [1] Crystal, Jill. Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p.26 [2] Ibid 26 [3] Zahlan, Rosemarie. The Making of the Modern Gulf States: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the U.A.E. Routledge, 1989, p.84 [4] Ibid 84 [5] Ibid 84 [6] Bahl, Taru. Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World. Anmol Publications PVT Ltd, 2004. p.103 [7] Anderson, Ewan W. nternational Boundaries: A Geopolitical Atlas. Routledge, 2003. p.103 [8] Aust, Anthony. Modern Treaty Law and Practice. Cambridge University Press, 2000. p.18 [9] Rice, Michael. The Archaeology of the Arabian Gulf. Routledge, 1994. p.233 [10] Parra, Francisco. Oil Politics: A Modern History of Petroleum. I.B.Tauris, 2003. p.161

Project Management Gantt And Schedules Construction Essay

Project Management Gantt And Schedules Construction Essay Project Management is a huge subject and without it, construction or engineering projects as we know them today simply could not be undertaken. Project management has needed to adapt as the industry has grown and methods have developed particular in the last century, which has seen possibly the greatest transformation of all. Some aspects of Project management have had to be adapted with this whereas others have led the way to change, thanks to innovative thinking from the likes of Fayol and Maslow. The successful management of a civil engineering project depends upon a number of factors. Planning, Organisation, Communication, Decisiveness are all subcategories that need managed. It is imperative that the right procedures are put in place at the start of the project. Good project management will allow for excellent organisation and tracking; better control and use of resources; reduced complexity and early identification of problems leading to quicker correction. A project manager should have a sound body of knowledge that will include the nine core areas of scope, time, cost, risk, integration, quality, procurement, communications and human resources. In addition to a project engineers professional judgement they will need to call upon the necessary tools in order to manage a project successfully, which could include past or similar tasks undertaken or specific management tools, such as charts and schedules. History of Scheduling Gantt charts were developed by mechanical engineer, Henry Laurence Gantt in the early 20th century as a visual tool to show scheduled and actual progress of projects. Although commonplace, today the Gantt chart was fundamental change in the way projects were managed at the time. Gantt charts were first used on high profile construction projects like the Hoover Dam (1931) and the interstate highway network (1956). Complex network diagrams called PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) charts were invented as part of the Polaris missile submarine program in 1955. Booz-Allen Hamilton worked with the U.S. Navy to create these charts and schedules. The Critical Path Method (CPM) was developed by the DuPont corporation in 1957, to deal with a variety of tasks and numerous interactions at many points in time. Arguably, the evolution of modern project management is a direct consequence of the need to make effective use of the data generated by the schedulers in an attempt to manage and control the critical path. The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) was initially developed by the U.S. defence department, as an advancement of the PERT system noted above. In 1968, it was issued as a military standard, which required the use of work breakdown structures across the U.S. defence department. The standard has been revised and updated over the years and is still in use today. Project Installing new steel beams throughout an existing masonry building and adding a new floor. The project will start on January the 14th and is to be completed by Friday the 29th of March. List of Tasks I have assumed the process of this project management starting from the design phase. Existing masonry strength investigated/tested for ability to take loads Building survey to set out the masonry piers and levels Steelwork design required based on loads to be imposed /spans between piers Timber floor joists and edge restraints designed (with timber plywood deck to act as structural diaphragm). Fabrication drawings completed and issued for tender Steel Tender period Fabricator chosen and contract signed for steelwork Fabrication commences Method statement to complete (Health and Safety) Method statement approved by CDM co-ordinator Erection of scaffolding around piers Existing general masonry repair to piers Masonry removal for padstone and bearing end of beams Padstone installation (Pouring of the in-situ concrete padstone) Concrete padstone curing Ordering of steel installation equipment (crane rig or cherry pickers) Steel delivery to site Steel erection and fixing Timber cut on site Timber floor joists fitted Plywood cut to size Timber edge restraints fixed Plywood decking fitted. Scaffolding around piers removed Project handed over to client for fit out As built drawings records sent to Building Control Project Completion. The importance of getting this engineering aspect of the project completed on time (using affective and accurate scheduling) will allow the decking to be fitted and make the floor usable, enabling the fit out to commence on time and without the need for expensive temporary platforms. Estimated resources and time periods for the tasks Task resources for personnel- abbreviations for use in tables, charts etc. PM Project Manager SU Surveyor SE Structural Engineer FB Steel Fabricator SW Site Workers HS CDM co-ordinator (Health Safety) Estimated No. of days required to complete the task. Personnel resource abbreviation Breakdown of time and resources example Detailed name of the task from task list on previous page Shortened task name as it will appear in schedules PM 0 Days Existing masonry strength investigated/tested for ability to take loads Existing Masonry Test SU 7 Days Building survey to set out the masonry piers and levels Building Survey SU 3 Days Steelwork design required based on loads to be imposed /spans between piers Steelwork Design SE 4 Days Timber floor joists and edge restraints designed Timber Design SE 3 Days Fabrication drawings completed and issued for tender Fabrication Drgs SE 3 Days Steel Tender period Steel Tender Period FB 7 Days Fabricator chosen and contract signed for steelwork Fabrication Contracts PM N/A Steel fabrication commences Steel Fabrication FB 15 Days Method statements to complete (Health and Safety) Method Statements PM 2 Days Method statement approved by CDM co-ordinator CDM Approval HS 5 Days Erection of scaffolding around piers Scaffolding SW 3 Days Existing general masonry repair to piers Masonry Repair SW 2 Days Masonry removal for padstone and bearing end of beams Masonry Removal SW 2 Days Padstone installation (Pouring of the in-situ concrete padstone) Padstone Installation SW 2 Days Concrete padstone curing Concrete Curing N/A 3 Days Ordering of steel installation equipment (crane rig or cherry picker) Plant Order PM N/A Steel delivery to site Steel Delivery FB 1 Day Steel erection and fixing Steel Erection SW 2 Days Timber cut on site to fit Cutting Timber SW 1 Days Timber floor joists fitted Timber Joists SW 4 Days Timber edge restraints fixed Timber Restraints SW 3 Days Plywood cut to size Cutting Plywood SW 1 Day Plywood decking fitted Plywood Deck Fixed SW 1 Day Scaffolding around piers removed Scaffolding Removal SW 1 Day Project handed over to client for fit out Project Hand Over PM N/A As built drawings records sent to Building Control As Built Records PM 1 Day Project Completed Project Completed N/A N/A Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) The WBS communicates a clear view of the total scope of the project, providing a logical and coherent statement of what the project comprises of. The WBS is neither over-simplified or overly complex. It is not a project plan or a project schedule, and it is not a chronological listing. A coding system is implemented to enable cost, schedule, technical and other data to be cross referenced across a project. The project manager is to structure the project work into WBS elements that are: Definable can be described and easily understood by project participants. Manageable a unit of work where specific responsibility/authority can be assigned. Estimate duration and cost can be estimated in terms of resources. Independent minimum dependence on other on-going elements (i.e. assignable to a single task), and clearly distinguishable from other work packages. Integrate integrates with other project work elements and with higher level cost estimates and schedules to include the entire project. Measurable can be used to measure progress; has start and completion dates and measurable milestones. Adaptable sufficiently flexible so the addition/elimination of work scope can be accommodated in the WBS framework. On the following pages are two different forms of the WBS. A standard tabular view used for quick reference / easy production, and the more familiar tree structure view; used to show more clearly the flow of tasks and their relationships. Gantt Charts A common technique for scheduling construction activities is the Gantt chart, named after the developer Henry Laurence Gantt, as mentioned in the introduction section. The Gantt chart lists the construction tasks that need to be performed down a single column, generally in the order in which they are to be carried out, along with a second column indicating the length of time required to complete each task. At the top of the chart, dates for the construction project are noted in a horizontal row. To the right of each task a line/bar indicates the starting date to the completion date for that task. All tasks in the first column are charted in this manner across the rows of the chart, with the bar for each task beginning at the earliest possible starting date. Many tasks must be completed in sequence, requiring the completion of one activity before the next can be started, although some tasks may be completed independently of other work and can be charted when the work is most convenient. The charting of activities allows the project manager to identify critical points in the construction schedule and provides the opportunity to adjust the tasks to meet schedule demands. Gantt charting is useful for small projects that must be completed in a linear manner, or one step after the other, and for contractors who have small crews and can only engage in one activity at a time. Most Gantt charts these days are constructed using computer scheduling programs. Templates provide a listing of typical construction tasks so the project manager only has to insert the duration of the work; scheduling programs have advanced to the point where data about the activities, such as duration and sequence, can be provided and the entire chart generated. For my worked example I have used Microsoft Project. On the following page is a Gantt chart, listing the project tasks and scheduling dates of completion; noting how each task is related and creating a program of works in real time, with dates and deadlines throughout the working week. It outlines which tasks are reliant on others and also which can run concurrently or have no specific scheduling requirements. For example the steel needs to be designed and ordered before it can be delivered to site and the padstones it sits on would need to be in place and the concrete cured before the steelwork could be erected. To maximise time efficiency these tasks will run concurrently (i.e. padstones can be installed while steel is fabricated and before it is delivered to site) these links between tasks can be seen on the Gantt chart. Critical Path Analysis (CPA) Similar to the Gantt chart the critical path analysis is a project-management technique that lays out all the activities needed to complete a task, the time it will take to complete each activity and the relationships between the activities. Also called the critical path method, critical path analysis can help predict whether a project can be completed on time and can be used to predict problems within the program both before starting it and as it progresses, to keep the projects completion on track and ensure that deliverables are ready on time. Advancing from the Gantt chart on the next page is the project critical path (highlighted in red on the subsequent page). Any fluctuations to these dates would have a knock on effect to the overall programming of the project meaning time would need to be made up elsewhere on the remaining tasks, or possible weekend overtime working would need to be implemented to ensure the project was completed by the March 29th deadline. Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) As projects become even more complex and unpredictable, more complex scheduling methods become appropriate. Methods such as the program evaluation and review technique combines critical path analysis with probability to identify completion dates that are optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely. Such scheduling techniques are not applicable to every project, but may be used in large construction projects that are likely to be influenced by nature or human factors. Examples include projects that are to be completed during unseasonable weather conditions or grading in an area that may be delayed due to unknown underground conditions. PERT planning involves the following steps that are described below. Identify the specific activities and milestones. The activities are the tasks required to complete a project. The milestones are the events marking the beginning and the end of one or more activities. Using a work break down structure is helpful to list the tasks that in later steps can be expanded to include information on sequence and duration. Determine the proper sequence of the activities. This step may be combined with the task identification step above since the activity sequence is evident for some tasks. Other tasks may require more analysis to determine the exact order in which they must be performed. Construct a network diagram. Using the activity sequence information, a network diagram can be drawn showing the sequence of the serial and parallel activities. Each activity represents a node in the network, and the arrows represent the relation between activities. Software packages simplify this step by automatically converting tabular activity information into a network diagram. Estimate the time required for each activity. Days are a commonly used unit of time for activity completion, but any consistent unit of time can be used. PERT has the ability to deal with uncertainty in task completion time. For each activity, the model usually includes three time estimates: Optimistic time generally the shortest time in which the activity can realistically be completed, also referred to as the best time. Most likely time the completion time having the highest probability. Note that this time is different from the expected time, (as explained below). Pessimistic time the longest time that an activity might require, also referred to as the worst time. PERT can also assume a beta probability distribution for the time estimates. Expected time For a beta distribution, the expected time for each activity can be approximated using the following weighted average: Expected time = ( Optimistic + 4 x Most likely + Pessimistic ) / 6 This expected time is not always used on the network diagram. On the following page I have used Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) scheduling to construct a network diagram that estimates; best, worst and most likely time periods for each task. While also determining the proper sequence of the activities with a critical path and milestones.

The Hours :: Cunningham Hours Essays

The Hours The Hours is a novel that deals with the various cultural aspects of life. Michael Cunningham's writing reflects the various nuclear families, the different economic conditions, and the social issues involving the three women in the novel. The Hours begins with Virginia Woolf who is married to Leonard. They do not have any children of their own. Woolf lives in London in 1923 battling mental illness and struggling to write a book, Mrs. Dalloway. She struggled and finished the book according to Tony Peregrin "at the age of 43". Woolf is financially stable due to her husband was a publisher. She had a cook, Nelly, and a housekeeper Lottie. By 1941, The Second World War was going on and Virginia Woolf had committed suicide. The second protagonist in the novel is Laura Brown, a housewife who is living in Los Angeles in 1949. Her traditional family consists of her husband Dan who is a war hero of sorts, works in an office, provides for the family while Laura statys at home and cares for the family. She has one child, Richie, and is expecting another child. The Browns live in a nice home with manicured lawns, nice Cheveorlet in the driveway, in Los Angeles. Laura smokes, reads Mrs. Dalloway, and is infaturated with Virginia Woolf and her suicide. She desires to commit suicide but opts out to leave her family and move to Canada instead. Life and death will bring the mother and son together. Laura may not have the nerve to kill herself, but her son Richard, fell to his death from a fall from the window while suffereing from AIDS. The third protagonist, Clarissa Vaughan, who was given the name Mrs. Dalloway by Richard. He was a one time lover of hers. The period is 2001. Clarissa is financially stable and independent while living in the upscale Greenwich Village area with her live in lover, Sally of 10 years. Clarissa has a daughter, Julia who was conceived by artificial insemination by an unknown donor. Julia has a gay friend, Mary who Clarissa is not very fond of. Although Woolf, Brown, Vaughan are women that are struggling with their own internal issues of restlessness in the place of where she lives, contemplating suicide, unhappiness in a marriage, living with mental illnes, and feelings of failure. Yet, each of these women had secret sexual feelings for other women.( Woolf for sister Vanessa, Brown for neighbor Kitty, and Vaughan for Sally).

Technology and Education Essay -- essays papers

Technology and Education When I first stepped foot into a Towson University classroom I was surprised by what I saw. What I saw was something I thought only belonged in corporate meeting rooms. This device I speak of was a digital overhead projector. For me this was something new and very exciting. Where I went to school the idea of technology was a television with a VCR on a rolling stand. This change in technology was far superior than I had ever imagined and this is why I was I chose this topic to research. With all of the new technology that is being produced daily and so much of it beneficial to our education system what topic could be more interesting. The three topics I would like to cover in my research are the pros and cons of technology in education, current technology being used in education, and the future of technology in the classroom. When debating on whether or not technology in education is a useful resource there are many arguments from both sides of the argument with the pro’s outweighing the cons. There are many ways that technology can improve the education of children all over the country. Using technology can improve a student’s performance when all of these factors are present, when technology provides the student a chance to work with the technology being used to teach the class. Also when the technology is directly tied into the course and when the parents and other people in the community support the technology being used. There is also the convenience factor that makes technology so useful in the classroom. With digital projectors teachers can put all of their notes onto power point slides and teach straight from those instead of having to take time to write everything on the board and if a studen... ...many more online classes and schools. Right now there are a few online schools that have proven to be very successful and many schools are offering online classes. In the upcoming years the amount of these schools and classes will without a doubt increase. Technology has and will play a vital part in education. In the past it was very difficult to teach students something other than what was in the text book or in the local library. With the advancement of technology and the internet teachers can now teach a broader range of topics that students could research on the internet. Also with all of this technology it makes the learning process simpler and somewhat more enjoyable. I don’t the world would be where it is and go where it is going without this technology, it creates a very heterogeneous society and allows people to study things they never thought they could.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, Husk's relationship with Jim becomes Increasingly close and respected as these chapters unwind. In the beginning of the book, both Houck and Jim are only briefly acquitted due to Jim working for Miss Watson as a slave, who happens to be Husks legal guardian at the time. Even though both characters live under the same roof, neither of them pay much attention to one another due to the fact that slaves in the asses, degraded by the term â€Å"naggers†, would not be accepted into the white community as anything ore.However, despite Houck barely knowing him, he had noticed â€Å"Miss Watson big Niger, named Jim†(pig. 6) was physically large, very superstitious but capable of interpreting signs that could provide useful Information. We know this since Houck mentions that â€Å"Jim, had a hair-ball as big as your fist, which had been took out of the fourth stomach of an ox, and he used to do magic with It. He said there was a split Inside of It, and It endowed everything. So I went to him that night and told him pap was here again, for I found his tracks In the snow.What I wanted to know, was, what e was going to do, and was he going to stay? â€Å". Once Husks Journey starts by sailing down the Mississippi River he eventually comes across an island where he meets Jim once again. As both characters have a common ground as to why they had ran away from their previous destinations, they decided to stick together and camp out for a couple of days. During this time, Houck pulled a childish prank on Jim which resulted in Jims leg swelling from a very poisonous snake bite.Even though Houck had caused Jim great pain, he decided to ignore it and â€Å"Judged he was all 55); however, he â€Å"slid out quiet and thrower the snakes Lear away amongst the bushes; for I warrant going to let Jim find out It was all my fault, not If I could help which shows that he had little remorse for his actions and had no means to apologize. Later in Chapter. 15, Houck and Jim are separated by fog while going down the river. Eventually Houck finds the boat and is reunited with a rather drowsy Jim. Once Jim awakens he immediately shows his sincerest happiness to Husk's survival. Unfortunately, for Jim, Husk's childish behavior brings him to say â€Å"Gone away? Why, what in the nation do you mean? I haunt been gone anywhere. Where would I go to? â€Å"(pig. 87). However, Jim knows it was no dream of his and figures out that Houck had been lying and teasing him the entire time. We know that Jim is extremely offended by Husk's behavior as he says â€Å"When I got all wore out wide work, en wide De call' door you, en went to sleep, my heart wiz broke bakes you wiz ISO', en I din' Kerrey no what become err me en De raff.En when I wake up en fine you back gal.', all safe en soon', De tears come en I could a got down on my knees en kiss' F foot Xi's so lie. Data truck dad is trash; en trash is what people is d ate data puts dirt on De head err dye Freon's en makes ‘me ashamed. â€Å"(pig. 9) meaning that he couldn't have been more worried when he had lost Houck and couldn't have been any happier when they were united, but could not understand why he would ever treat him in that way.Houck responds by saying â€Å"It made me feel so means I could almost kissed his foot to get him to take it back. â€Å"(pig. 89) and this is the first time he actually feels guilt for his actions towards Jim, so guilty in fact, that Houck brings himself to apologize. This is a revolutionary moment in the book as both a white man and a slave are on moral ground of respect and resembles how close these two characters have become throughout these chapters.